'Effects of Values on Economics Essay\r'

'Values ground execute be described as beliefs that citizenry deep hold to. They guide the decisions and behaviors of these the great unwashed. They argon â€Å" determined” deeply within the heroconscious and argon integrated into e rattling atomic number 18a of perfunctory living. People use values to select their behaviors, employments, fri demolitions, entertainment and sports among or so opposites. Values ar assimi noveld to plenty especi all toldy when they argon still young. They clutches from teachers, p arnts, coaches and clergy to until now peers. Values assimilated during the early geezerhood of a person’s keep operate subconsciously as a basis for making decisions, pickaxs and behaviors (Lopper, 2007).\r\nOn the separate hand, stinting science raise be specify as a mixer accomplishment that deals with production, distribution and the consumption of services and goods and their solicitude (Princeton, 2006). This question paper is a imed at examining the enjoyment of values on economicals. Religion and economic science M whatsoever admit for a coherent clip regarded devotion and economics as separate as cheese and crank despite the tied(p)t that Adam smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations affected on pietism (Weber, 2004). Many economics regard trust as a dark world which is unreachable by means of their analytical tools.\r\nIt should be n 1d that trust is much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a wide scope that economics can non ignore and as age erupts the gap between the two palm bring on gradually been reduced. This was initiated by an economic expert from the University of Chicago, Gary Becker who has already won a Nobel equipment casualty for his efforts to applying economics in studying drugs, family interactions and offence (Weber, 2004). Though economics treat twain(prenominal) theological questions such as the character of God as if they were lepers, they nonplus of late studied the earthly subjects of how people â€Å" dole out” and â€Å"buy” services and goods, whether spiritual or material, that is provided by the theology.\r\nMore study and interrogation on faith have been undertaken by and by the attack of the United States on family eleven by the militant Moslem groups. Economics professor, Laurent Lannaccone from George Mason University in his debate agreed that for a long cadence the economists had ignored theology because of the belief that it would be overtaken by the ever-growing layization; later however, umpteen an(prenominal) have realized that godliness is in like manner a powerful force in the new-fashioned society (Weber, 2004).\r\nOf late, an opposite design â€Å"the economics of godliness” has been framed that is founded on the belief that military personnel organisms be demythologized in choices about their religion in the same way they argon in economics, for physical ex ercise buying a good. â€Å"Producers” of mosques, temples, synagogues and per ricochetes vie for members (who are in this case their customers) and this they do by drawing those who are secular or members of opposite(a) congregations (Weber, 2004). do of religion on the economy Religious rituals and beliefs have distinct set up on the procedure of an economy.\r\nPreliminary results from researches conducted have shown that that on that point are nix cause resulting from regionicipating in spectral rituals but those on apparitional beliefs have shown positive effects (Bowman, 2004). It has been argued that religion has both positive and banish effects on the economy. Some have argued that religion can bring material advantages with muck Weber arguing that the work ethics by the Protestants was the cause of the prosperity in Europe. Recently, a professor at Harvard, Robert Barro is works towards examining the links between economic appendage and religion (Bo wman, 2004).\r\nIn his studies, he concludes that at the microeconomic level, unearthly participation has been associated with take down rates of drug abuse, crime and other vices. another(prenominal) economist from Harvard, Richard Freeman cerebrate in his studies that those b deficiency youths who go to perform were likely to abstain from relyting crimes and employ drugs as healthful as having a luxuriously tendency of attending schools (Bowman, 2004). However, in economic terms and richness, no quantitative research has proved that religion has any shoot for effect on the income and if any by what level.\r\nThis has been hindered by the difficulty present in dividing the cause and the effect. Even if the church goers whitethorn be reported as richer, there whitethorn not be any tangible proof that it is the religion that do them richer because it is thinkable that it is the richer people who may be likely to go to church or beseem generally ghostly. Unrelated traits for example personal discipline or great ambition may be the fence of one succeeding in his or her job and at the same quantify attend to their religious duties (Bowman, 2004).\r\nMr. Gluber, states that one possible cause of religious people existence rich is that as they attend each mosque, church or synagogue gatherings, this can yield â€Å" societal capital” which is still web of relations that fosters trust. These relations are important as they allow telephone circuit dealings and transactions between such people to give way smoother and cheaper respectively. The other possible reason that is given is that those who are religious have better activated and financial insurance.\r\nThis is important because when they fall into an economic setback, they are able to re elevation to a greater extent quickly because of the support from their fellow latriapers (Bowman, 2004). Mr. Gruber’s results too claim that religious people especially the church goers m ay beseem richer as attendance to enters of worship may as well lead to lesser chances of falling from schools. overly religious groups have been cognize to support the command of their members by fling bursaries either directly to the students or to the schools that they carry away (Bowman, 2004).\r\nAlso, approximately religious groups have been cognize to motivate their members to work hard towards their advantage and this may be a bestow factor to their wealth increase. Religion alike teaches on supernatural intervention in the members’ endeavors and this allows them to be focused on mastery than failure (Bowman, 2004). Negative relationship between religiosity and economics harvest-festival thither are general negative effects in the relationship between religiosity and economic growth.\r\nOne such is the fact that religious groups, especially Christianity, preach large(p) which is regarded as a factor that undermines investment which is a setback to e conomic growth. Another setback of religiosity to the economic growth is that it is accused of undermining the work ethics using its own teachings as a cover up. Many members of religious groups have been cognise to remain idle or being lazy and instead substitute work with their religious duties. It is as well reported that many religious groups teach doctrines that oppose modern attitudes such as contraception technologies and grocery place place’s egalitarian repression (Bowman, 2004).\r\nOn the other hand, economic ontogeny has got negative effects on religion with the studies showing that general maturation (represented by per capita GDP reduces religiosity. The secularization thesis has shown that people tend to become less religious when income increases. They loose intimacy of attending religious meeting places and word-painting their religious beliefs. Economic growth makes religion to be less considered in insurance policy making, political process, and l egal process and also in social programs such as friendships, marriages and colleagues (McClearly, 2008).\r\nThough Max Weber’s thesis â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the feel of Capitalism” indicate that religion waken productivity for they mold individual characters such as work ethic, thrift and honesty, it also shows that it religious beliefs have a negative effects on economic development as change magnitude attendance to their places of worship take to a greater extent of their resources and time . The religious sector is also cognise to place restrictions on markets for insurance and credit (McCleary, 2008). The other negative effect of religion on economics is that it produces religious terrorism that has been as a result of income in compare and poverty.\r\nIn contrast, research conducted by Alan Krueger shows that religious terrorists in most cases are well educate and not from poor background. Many religious terrorists view violence not a means but as an end to economic and political ends. They feel that they are destroying a arrangement that they are not identified with (McCleary, 2008). Marx idea on religion According to Karl Max, religion is an expression of economic justice and material realities, sum that problems in any given religion are also the problems in the society.\r\nMax referred to religion as a symptom and not a disease (Cline, 2009). He also claimed that religion has been used by the oppressors to set ahead those who are exploited and poor. He verbalize that religion speaks contrary to what â€Å"is dignified in a mans being by rendering them servile and more submissive to accepting the status quo”(Cline, 2009). He argued that religion is dependent on economics meaning that the actual doctrines of religion are irrelevant. Also religion is an illusion prominent excuses and reasons so that it can keep the society to function as it is.\r\nâ€Å"Much as capitalism takes our productive labor and alien ates us from its value, religion takes our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and transcendent being called a god”(Cline, 2009). India- set administration stomachable to Hinduism Caste corpse is a religious ranking system in India of human groups that is based on occupation and hereditary factors. This system is very complex and has been known to have several(prenominal) setbacks. The members of these groups are restricted to their hereditary occupations.\r\nThe Indian society is divided into four groups; Brahmas are from priestly families, the warrior and ruling class, Vaishyas are businessmen, farmers and traders. The laborers and peasants are the shudras dapple panchamas were the untouchable. The negative effects of the club system are that near members of the biotic community are discriminated based on their groups. However, due to higher education, globalization, economic growths and mingling with people fro m other communities, the India’s population is late deviating from the grade system.\r\nEven the regime of India has obdurate to reserve some jobs for the members of the lower castes (FactsaboutIndia, 2008). Moslem Countries and shariah law Laws In the Moslem solid grounds governed by the sharia lawfulnesss, no interest is allowed to be charged on any lend that is given as it goes against the Koranic law against usury. In some countries such as Afghanistan, women are never allowed to wear high heel shoes as well as white socks, as the sharia considers them sexually luring. In the same nation, harmony is never allowed that allows cassettes in vehicles.\r\nMany forms of entertainments such as watching movies or plays are never allowed with women being prevented from occupying some professionals and occupations which, causes some to flee the country or commit suicide (Aluko, 1999). Men who do not have beard up to received lengths are never allowed to have some jobs or allocated some contracts; this means that women do not benefit from any government contracts in Afghanistan. In such countries, Shariah views Islam as a philosophy of life, social order, a system of economic doctrine and a ruling order which all the Muslims must adhere to (Aluko, 1999).\r\nThe ethics of Islamic economics rejects excessive concern for the accumulation of profits but more with encyclopaedism of goods encountering social obligations to the society. The other characteristics of Shariah laws include tax discrimination on non Muslims so that they can be encouraged to become Muslims. On inheritance, the Koran states that brothers must describe double of what their daughters get (Aluko, 1999). United States- set up of Christian values In US, it has been noted that people have more consumer choice in exercising their religions than any other part of the economy.\r\nChurches function independently as contractors in the religious free market of the United States. In USA, Evangelical Protestantism is known for entrepreneurial development in the church structure in contrast to the roman Catholic Church that follows the ecclesiastic canon (Sparks, 2007). The evangelical churches have their congregations or decreed boards have the final say on any matter such as the church budget. In some mega churches however, the minister of religion is seen as the Chief executive ships officer exercising high level authority.\r\nThe churches in the United States are known to continue not only spiritual aliment to their members, but also other products such as music and video tapes as well as books (Sparks, 2007). Sale of cloudburst products on Sundays has not been allowed in many cities of the United States as Sunday has been regarded as the day of worship for the Christians (Andre, 2009). Abortion Effects of Rights on Economics Freedom has been termed as the engine that pushes economic growth that is sustainable and allows all people to have increased prosperity. Economic freedom is basically ensuring that human rights are respected (Kim, 2007).\r\nEquality- Women Rights Promoting sexuality equality has been understood as an important part in an effective economic and human development strategy. Gender equality in education has positively been associated with economic development. question previously done has shown that any nation that does not work towards the closing of sexual practice gap in education testament experience a fall in per capita income (Chen, 2004). In addition the report by the Arab human development team showed that lack of women empowerment has contributed to less human development in the Arabic regions.\r\nIf women are enabled to fuck off education for example through contrary learning, it will allow them to participate in labour market while at their homes and this would in pull result in improving gender equality. It has been shown that nations in the sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, North Africa and set East has a greater gender disparity especially in education and if they could only close this gap, their per capita GDP can grow significantly per year (Chen, 2004). The reasons that are raised to prove these arguments are that better women are often added to the labour market and this improves the economy of the country.\r\nThe other reason is that educate women will improve the intellectual environs at home that in turn leads to a productive workforce thence economic growth (Chen, 2004). The proponents of slavery stated that they relied on servitude so that they can hasten their need for labour. The labor population was lessen and thus they believed that African slaves were efficient to fulfill their needs for laborers. When tobacco was discovered in 1600’s and became the main source of income for the colonialists, it called for more land and thus more laborers.\r\n buckle down trade brought a great mass to the colonialists; unfortunately, the profits obtained w ere used to get more slaves (Dodson, 2003) Spanish colonies- encomienda and repartamiento The encomienda was a labour system employed by the crown of Spain during its small town in the States. Some trustees and soldiers were allocated a special(prenominal) number of natives whom they were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholic faith and in pop off receive tribute from the natives in form of labour or gold. This allowed the encomendero to take even the land that belonged to the natives (Answers Corporation, 2009).\r\nOn the other hand, repartimiento was a system applied by Spanish colonialists on native population of America where the later was forced to perform some tasks for the former for a period of time in the year without any pay or for a low pay. This system led many natives to flee from their communities while other accepted to work and even signed contracts for the period that they were to work (Answers Corporation, 2009). A seat right is the authority that allows one to determine how a resource should be used. All economic goods are protected by the property rights.\r\nProperty rights have been confirmed to play a study role in the promotion of both political and economic development. Intellectual rights are mechanisms that facilitate innovation by giving the inventors monopoly of their discovery (Robin). CONCLUSION From the discussing, it is clear that contrastive values have different effects on the economics. These values include the religious values which have been discussed with examples of the Shariah law, the caste system of India and Christianity in the United States of America. some other values discussed include those related to human rights such as women rights, slavery and property rights.It is vivid that different values have either positive or negative effects on economics or even both.\r\nREFERENCES\r\nAndre. (2009). Sunday alcohol gross sales; Fear versus the facts. Retrieved bound 25, 2009, from http://www. peachpundit. com/ 2009/02/25/sunday-alcohol-sales-fear-versus-the-facts/ Aluko, S. A. (1999). The social and economic implications of Shariah law. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. dawodu. com/aluko1. htm Answers Corporation. (2009). Encomienda system. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/encomienda-system\r\n'