Contrasting the View of the Ultimate Reality in Relation to Science Essay

What compels mankind to seek bingle surrounded by, science and religion, both(prenominal) compartmentalized and distinct aspects of our mankind? John Polkinghorne states, in Does God bring in the Physical World, The demand for an integrated account of both theological and scientific insight impels us to the task (Polkinghorne 59). Yet Polkinghorne is non al integrity is his quest in Emptiness and Form Fritjof genus genus genus genus genus Capra connects the cr owning(prenominal) realism with the somatogenic instauration. magical spell Polkinghorne and Capra agree on legitimate radicalls, such as the mans inability to richly cargo ara the crowning(prenominal) and the incorporation of quantum mechanics in each(prenominal) ones various(prenominal) argument, they also contrast in terms of the religions they habit to controvert their argument. This leads to deviances in their situations on the ultimate and His fundamental action with the somatogenetic world. Whil e this leads to cardinal distinct and diverse arguments, I believe that both arguments argon evenly presented in a reputable and achievementful manner.At one appoint in each of their various(prenominal) arguments, Polkinghorne and Capra clearly state that the savvy of the ultimate reality can non be in full understood by humankind. Polkinghorne writes, We atomic number 18 a long way from a full understanding of our own powers of influence, let alone how it is that God works in the world (Polkinghorne 74). collectible to our limited minds and capabilities, mankind will never be able to fully grasp the ultimate reality in its full essence.It is quite mindboggling, if non im come-at-able, to fully understand the ultimate reality, when it is as an blank space and omnipresent being. The reality underlying all phenomena is beyond all sorts and defies all description and specification (Capra 211). The professor who taught my freshman Colloquium on Science and Religion once tell that God cannot be put in a test tube. While he did say this statement as a means to repudiate the existence of an ultimate reality, his assertion is valid in that location is unless so much we can know about the manufacturer.It is crucial that both Polkinghorne and Capra affirm this position in run to clarify that while it is possible to unify the ultimate reality with the strong-arm world, we will never fully understand the relationship. In evolution terms, on that point seems to be a lacking link that allows us to connect both aspects. Also, both Polkinghorne and Capra use the intellects and concepts of quantum mechanics as premises when connecting the ultimate reality with the strong-arm world. Capras discussion of electrons and photons becomes the premise for one of his deductions.Capra writes, The full interaction amongst the electrons will involve a series of photon exchanges (216). This leads to the assertion that there are no confessedly forces in the subato mic world scarcely that these interactions are due to the exchange of particles, that according to the quantum field possible action are created and destroyed (Capra 217). These two premises lead Capra to state, The electromagnetic forces are due to the presence of virtual photons within charged particlesandthe forces between particles get along as intrinsic properties of the particles. After deducing this premise Capra goes on to say, such a put one over of forces is also characteristic of Eastern mysticism which regards operation and change as essential and intrinsic properties of all things (221). In order to clarify this statement he utilizes aspects of Chinese religion and explains how this trust of quantum mechanics is connected to the ultimate reality. Like Capra, Polkinghorne makes use of the theories and ideas of quantum mechanics as premise to relate the ultimate with the physical. One of the ideas he uses is the topsy-turvyness theory.The theory says that events i n a chaotic system are random but Polkinghorne employs this theory in his argument in order to show how deterministic chaos is not a valid argument, which will in conclusion lead to his idea of an open system. He says, A chaotic system is not altogether chaotic in the popular sense, corresponding to absolutely random behavior. thither are certain possibilities known as a strange draw and its limited to a certain extent, but this detailed future deportment of a chaotic system is unknowable (Polkinhorne 52).Later on in his argument, Polkinghorne discusses the idea of deterministic chaos and consider it from a different dioramapoint. He writes Instead of adopting the conventional strategy of saying this shows that simple determinism underlies even plain complex random behavior, I prefer the realist strategy of seeking the contiguous alignment of ontology and epistemologywhich has the additional advantage of accommodating the image of top- rout precedent in a natural way (Polki nghorne 64).The premise of top-down causality leads to his connection of the ultimate reality with the physical world and that God interacts with the world in a top-down fashion. If the ultimate reality does truly interact with the world, whence this will lead to the discussion of an open system in which Polkinghorne also uses the basis of quantum mechanics in order to make a postulation. Another major theories Polkinghorne frequently refers to in his argument is the Heisenbergs suspense principle, which states that we cannot simultaneously know the position and momentum of roughly(prenominal) particle (53).This idea of uncertainty in the physical world is the premise that leads to Polkinghornes assumption of the universe as an open system. He writes, The gaps of quantum uncertainty operate only in particular circumstancesto produce an openness at the open up of classical physics (Polkinghorne 60). While Polkinghorne advocates the idea of an open system, it is seeming(a) that his expect partner, Capra, sees the universe as a closed system. One of the major differences between Capra and Polkinghorne is the concept of a closed system versus an open system.Capra respectively agrees and accepts with the view of the universe as a closed system. Capra explains this concept by first explaining the idea of matter and empty musculus quadriceps femoris or the full and the void. He discusses how these are interconnected. The two cannot be marvellous (Capra 208). In Eastern religions, this Void has an infinite creative potentialwhich give care the quantum field, it gives birth to an infinite variety of cast of characterss which it sustains and eventually reabsorbs (Capra 212).The notion of it sustaining itself and reabsorbing leads to the idea of a system that is serve up and is able to maintain itself without the help of an ultimate being. Buddhism expressed this idea of form and emptiness in a superstar whole entity. Capra quotes, Form is emptiness, and emp tiness is indeed form. Emptiness is not different from form, form is not different from emptiness. What is form that is emptiness, what is emptiness that is form (215). Also, Capra states that this form and emptiness is elevated into a mindlessness diagram that contains an unlimited number of particles which come into being and vanish without end. This physical vacuumcontains the potentiality for all forms of the particle world (Capra 222). This system implies that the relationship between the ultimate reality and the physical world is one where the divine has set up system and does not intervene in our world. This premise eventually leads to the idea that there is no free will and that the universe is determined. This view of the universe completely changes the way we perceive the world. Without free will morality and ethics lose validity and are worthless to society.It is quite evident that Polkinghorne disagrees with this concept and presents his views of an open system. Polki nghorne would classify the idea of a universe as an closed system under a minimalist response which is to decline to speak of particular divine actions and to confine theological talk to the undivided great act of holding the universe in being. Polkinghorne believes that most scientists do not even consider this notion of a minimalist to be valid. He states that while God did establish the laws and set up the universe, this does not impede his interaction in the universe (Polkinghorne 54).He sees the connection between the ultimate reality and the physical world as relating divine agency to human agency. Polkinghorne explains, When we act, we seem to do so as total beings (57). because God acts in the same as humans do, but it is seen as a God in relation to his creation. This premise leads to the top-down notion of the parts depending on the whole. With this top-down premise, Polkinghorne strengthens his argument of an open system by exhibiting that we are dependent on God, wh ether through the establishment of the laws or divine intervention in the universe.Polkinghorne also classifies the closed system as a block universe. He writes, It is sometimes claimed that science endorses the alternative view that the universe is rather than becomes (Polkinghorne 68). This implies that the universe has a certain determinacy and that God does not act in the universe. Since the universe is, then it is conclusive that God must know the future because it is already determined. The view of the open system appears to be more logical and realistic, but at the expense of Gods infinite and omnipresent capabilities.He says, it is the universe of becoming that is the correct picture, then surely God must know it in its temporality, as it genuinely is. God must not just know that events are serial they must be known in their succession (Polkinghorne 69). While I agree that the universe is an open system, it cannot be at the expenditure of God. word a psyche is on a roof looking down at an crosswalk he can see all and everything dictated out before him. He observes two cars coming at the intersection at the same time and foresees an accident. This is analogous to God and the universe, where God is in a position to see all and foretell all.Obviously, this is not a perfect analogy since the person is constricted by time and therefrom could be incorrect in his assumptions. Therefore, if we accept the premise that God is infinite and outside the constricts of time, then we can conclude that God or the ultimate reality knows the future in an open system. The most crucial difference between the arguments of Polkinghorne and Capra is their definition of the ultimate reality. In each of their respective claims, the view of the ultimate reality has a drastic effect on the outcome of each argument.The belief in certain characteristics of an ultimate reality is important when there is an judge to connect it to the physical world. Through go on analysis o f both arguments, it is evident that the difference between Polkinghorne and Capra is fundamentally a westward Religion versus Eastern Religion discussion. It is evident that Capra takes the side of Eastern Religion his book is titled The Tao of Physics An exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism. Throughout his argument he constantly refers to the ideas and beliefs of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese religion.He quotes from their texts in an attempt to connect their ultimate reality with the physical world. On the other hand, Polkinghorne utilizes Western religion as a means of connecting the ultimate reality with the physical world. Specifically he uses the values and teachings of Christian traditions. He says that the discussion of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world is a perennial field of study on the Christian agenda (Polkinghorne 48). One aspect of the arguments that I bring to be perplexing was the use o f the same laws of the physical world as at he basis of each authors respective argument.Obviously, Polkinghorne and Capra have their own agenda and argument. Therefore, what does this say about the laws of the physical world can they simply manipulate to agree with any form of the ultimate? This cannot be valid or then the laws of the physical world can be disfigured in order to fit any belief system or value either Polkinghorne must be right and Capra wrong, or debility versa. We cannot accept this dualistic view of the world that the universe can be open in some instances and closed in others.Yet, this view arises when we fail to realize that there is one ultimate reality or truth. If there was one truth, then there would only be one way to connect this ultimate to the physical world. At the same time, we cannot say that Polkinghorne is correct and Capra is wrong, or vice versa. If the premises that they base their arguments off are valid then we cannot reason out which argumen t is better, but only say that it is a conflict of realities. The success of the arguments lies in the belief of the premises of the religious and physical world.Faith is the true deciding factor that will allow us to declare a winner in this pursuit of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world. If we assume that the premises of the physical world and quantum mechanics in each argument to be the same, then the only significant difference between each argument is the view of the ultimate reality. Since I have Christian traditions and beliefs I would strongly side with Polkinghornes argument. Yet, if there is a person who has no solid beliefs, then these two arguments would seem valid and justifiable in their eyes, due to their lack of knowledge of the ultimate reality.