Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms

turn prohibited TITLE doingsisticS EXPLAIN MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN TERMS OF THE information PRINCIPLES THAT SUSTAIN AND MAINTAIN IT. DISCUSS THIS STATEMENT AND SHOW HOW A BEHAVIOURISTS APPROACCH TO THERAPY IS IN STARK CONTRAST TO A PSYCHOANALYTIC peerless Behaviourism is a movement at bottom psychology that works on the principle that tout ensemble behavior is learned , that we were completely born with a blank slate.Behavioural set outes use strict experi intellectual measures to carry discernible behaviour ( or responses ) in relation to the environment, thus resulting in the nonadaptive behavioural approaches that we employ to deal with our learning. Behaviourism was eldest developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the area of animal psychology. He believed that tout ensemble behaviour was observable and on that pointfore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association be tween a stimulus and response. Watson did non deny the universe of discourse of inner experiences, besides insisted that they could non be studied because they were non observable ) Watsons stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all daedal forms of behaviour emotions, habits etc argon seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions atomic number 18 learned in ofttimes the same modal value. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with labo let outory experiments, and unrivaled of these experiments was admitn as The Little Albert Experiment.Little Albert was a small young boy of round 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the radical and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not same(p) flash noises, and on the presentation of the rat, scientists would clang two metal rods together understructure Young Alberts head, which resulted in screaming from young Albert. The result of this condition experiment was that Albert came to associate the rat with business, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed gigantic fear.Around the turn of the 20th century, other American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in unmatchable experiment he endowd a cat in a puzzle box and measured the time it took to escape. Over a name of trials, the time taken to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the impartiality of (positive) effect, which conjure ups that any behaviour leading to a positive upshot entrust tend to be repeated in similar circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated, this ype of learning was known as operative learn . Thorndikes work was developed by much(prenominal) behaviourists much(prenominal)(prenominal) as B. F. Skinner. Skinner approach to psychology was scientific, his messs came from Darwins theorie s of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause for clement behaviour, he did not think that people acted for good reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environment. For type a person great power do a good thing not for clean reasons, except for the rewards received for the act.Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To prove his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the skinner box. This was a small box with a pry mechanism inside that dispensed a fodder pellet when pressed. to a greater extent experiments were d unrivalled using this box system, and in one and only(a) of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a food pellet on e real press of a lever ( condition A). In another condition ( condition B ) the rat was only rewarded with a food pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever.They found that rat B pressed the lever much more Why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took hourlong to figure out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that bread and butter is a key concept in behaviorism, that it increases the likelihood that an action exit be repeated in the future, however, punishment on the other hand, allow for reduce the likelihood that an action will be repeated. For example cheering at a electric shaver who is behaving in an irritating way, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more frequently.The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) rather that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of dogs, he found that testing ground dogs would drivel at the eyeshot of a food dish, from this he profound that the dogs learned an association between the dog bowl and the food it unremarkably contained. In behavioural alkali the food ( the un well-educated stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditione d response or CR of the dog salivating at the sight of the bowl.In these terms the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a bell was continually rung like a shot before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. After a period of conditioning, Pavlov discoered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell scour if no food was forthcoming, and by pairing the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could get the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, even though the light and the food had never been presented together.This type of conditioning demonstrates how promptly behaviour will form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. In terms of hu art object behaviour classical conditioning touchs involuntary behaviour such as a fear response, they can be elicited, signification you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. uncoerced behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot get those behaviours until someone carries them out.Behavioural approaches fag out that what is learned may be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear aim rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you avoid the fear ( flight) you will reduce the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the connective between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, ofttimes with an avoidance and a rise in anxiety levels, leading to vehemence and other ways of behaviour and coping strategies.Social learning theory is another approach to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of w hat we learn is in the consequence of observation, indirect rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural approaches to therapy? Behavioural therapy concentrates on taking away the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used * Systematic desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality)The way in which these techniques work is that it is difficult to feel two contend states at the same time ie, relaxation and fear. The client will be coached in relaxation techniques and then encouraged to remain relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a mildly frightening situation, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slightly disturbing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behavioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not possible to maintain a state of fear indefinitely.Flood therapy will expose the client to th e fear / situation until their fear drops to normal, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective reinforcement This is based on operant conditioning, and for example in schools and at home any good behaviour is reinforced by means of reward. * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * cognitive behaviourThis is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word cognitive comes from Latin, which means to know and understand. This perspective is directly linked with the inborn mental processes of thought, such as memory, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspective is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see humans as perspicacious beings and not as programmed animals with no ability to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with traditional behaviourists ideas, which is to study only observable ways.The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the brain processes information ( stimuli) received ( input ) which leads to a veritable behaviour ( output ). This process is often compared with the computer function, however this similarity is not too coherent because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as insensate because the cognitive psychologists ignore any emotions any individual may have, and may well prove everything in a way that is too clinical.All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went bump off track with the reference to the humanistic approach, but i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) There is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution.This can also be said about human behaviour and the relevance to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods have chemicals that do alter ones behaviour, and in the days of food being tampered with and injected with increment hormones, one has to be aware of this. It is now at this point in the essay that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytical one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and many are built around his theories Freuds approach was as logical and his findings as carefully tested as Pavlovs The foundation of Freuds order-psychic determination and the downhearted logic o f free association are scientific Freuds method was to take everything anybody said at any time or place regardless of truth or falsity in terms of away reality to be used as basic data in revealing the combat-readys of the nature Freud devised a means of diagnosing mans troubles, not of suppressing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well within the body (Freud and the military post Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of reputation in which the unconscious(p) mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freuds theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a major challenge to behaviourism. Freuds theory of personality was based on the assumption that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind.He divide the personalit y into three different parts, that of the id, the self-importance and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in booking with each other. * The id operates on the recreation principle seeking immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all have a stream of psychic energy, he called this eonian psychic energy the libido, rebounding that the sex drive was a primary look instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through several personality developmental set ups in the early years of life.He called these storys the psychosexual stages. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The first year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from su cking and/or nursing. The piece stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the phallic stage where the child derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the child reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the anxiety caused was the basis of all later anxieties.The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of sevener to twelve, and during this time children became less concerned with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and eventually adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud lay much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any given time was denied the gratification needed in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co -worker, and all other parent figures in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting puerility conflicts with an overprotective parent.The psychoanalyst would help the client recognise his hidden, pent up irritability toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (psychological science Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the regular stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experienced by all people. These clues can be reveal and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of psychoanalysis is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as before long as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem.Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked, rather than in the thoughts themselves. For example if the client stops talking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are tutelage threatening hooey out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freuds ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamers defences keep unconscious during wake hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the clients thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to become aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them.The basic strategy is to construct accurate accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been forgotten) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly u nconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression( Psychology Bernstein) The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, rebound constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. Usually these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society.From this perspective, a display of ferocity ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of primitive urges (Psychology Bernstein) the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain insight into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear ( Psychology Bernstein) Conclusion Although there are clear divisions in these two approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to taste human behaviour . Therefore it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day.As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may posit as many as three to five sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of consideration both in sequestered practice and within the national health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First steps in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology Third Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994