The Legend of John Henry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Legend of magic trick hydrogen - Essay mannikinRecent interpretations include Disneys short ingest trick Henry and Julius Lesters childrens apply John Henry. Disneys film pictures John Henry as a historical civil rights electric ray, a symbol of African American empowerment, while Lesters book illustrates Henry as a Christ-like figure, attaching a more(prenominal) mystical connotation of the hero. The different interpretations of John Henry as a mythical hero in black folklore reveal how he has become the embodiment of black freedom, dreams, and strength. As these adaptations show, his name holds a symbolic power that allows audiences to appropriate his heroics according to their wish. This tale is presented differently in most of children literature versions. Walt Disneys John Henry film and Lesters John Henry book are examined., with a culture of determining if it is necessary for people to deviate from the original story when talking about this myth. In 2000, Walt Dis ney Studios created a film adaptation of the John Henry myth in which they transformed him into a selfless hero. This film was intended to introduce children to the the doers and dreamers that made America great, a knowledge Disney claims no childhood should be without (Website). A common feature of Disney adaptations of various fairytales, legends, and myths is the didactic messages that have been incorporated into them. In The Legend of John Henry, John uses his strength to benefit the people rather than have it displayed merely to demonstrate his own power. In this way, Disney tries to prepare children on qualities they should develop within themselves. Placing John Henry before them as a role model, Walt Disney Studios attaches to him horse opera values, those that adults wish to instill in children of America. At the same time, the film can also be seen as Disneys attempt to create a hero that children of African American descent can chance on with and be proud of. John Henr y is the first animated African American protagonist created by Disney (Web). The theme of the film is evident from the opening it begins with the narrator, an African American woman, saying, Let me tell you about my John Henry, who laid down his life for his dream (film). The film goes on to portray Henry as an liberated slave that swears never again to be in chains. At one point Henry tells his wife, Polly, if they dislocate our dreams they put a chain around our souls, somebodys got to stand tall, believe me (film). The predilection of Henry being a slave is not found in original variations of the legend, which focus more on his mythical upbringing and displays of strength. In this way Disney attempts to historicize Henry as a slave contextualized within a specific time period he appears more real. This realism helps to verify the message of the story the more believable the underdog legend appears the more powerful its message is to audiences. At the same time however, Disney also presents the idea that a heros reputation extends beyond the limits of his or her own reality. It is mentioned in the film that aft(prenominal) John Henry joined the railroad gang, the rumors about his strength and achievements started growing. This referral separates the man from the myth while concurrently maintaining the integrity and magic of the

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management Assignment

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management - identification ExamplePizza hut is priced much higher due to its quality focus and satisfies this market oer lower-income customers. Secondly, Pizza shack is well-known for its family-focused in-house dining capabilities that appeal to large groups in the nuclear family structure (Huynh, 4). This is a unique characteristic of Pizza hutch over competition that appeals to families looking for quality meals for dine-in purposes. Pizza Hut is widely dispersed geographically across the world, therefore geographic segmentation or demographics are not very effective. The following is a positioning strategy for Pizza Hut using psychographic elements Pizza Hut pizzas are positioned under price/quality dimensions. An appropriate slogan for the products might be Pizza Hut Incredible ingredients for a more luxurious pizza experience for the discriminating client. Forget the other guys and fee into high quality at Pizza Hut.

Critical Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

circumstantial Review - Article ExampleIn order to understand this to a more effective and arrest degree, the following analysis will discuss the means through which the public school system deep down the United States experiences what is known as fiscall limitation with regards to the provision of local education. This limitation necessarily refers to the way in which secondary education within the United States is overly reliant upon regional reenforcement thereby evoking a situation in which disparity is more readily reflected within the educational system as compared to how it would be in a situation in which the federal government itself was responsible for funding the process (Clemings, 2006). through and through such analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a more informed sense of how the educational system work in the United States, what determinant factors constrain it, and how improvements with regards to the shortcomings that have been previo usly mentioned magnate be affected within the future. The particular piece in question first references the fact that a case study which will be performed is concentric upon the pass on of California. Naturally, this choice of tests case analysis is in particular important and useful due(p) to the fact that California is the largest state by population and represents perhaps the sterling(prenominal) aim of regional diversity that any state within the system has to offer. As such, the article itself increases the level of believability and relevance due to the fact that it has chosen to analyze the most diverse and populous state as a means of proving the fact that regional and state funding alone is ultimately a limitation to the way through which education can be provided to the end student (Wassmer & Fisher, 1996). Accordingly, the first master(prenominal) argument that is made is with regards to the limitations upon maximum and minimum millage rates with regards to home t axes (Winkler, 2009). Such an in-depth primary approach has to do with the fact that the United States education system disproportionately targets as one of its main funding streams property taxes. In such a way, the authors reference the fact that disparity is innate within the system due to the fact that income from property taxes is a direct means through which the poorest regions will have inordinately little funding to allocate as compared to the richer regions. Although the casual observer might be quick to point appear that millage rates within the poorest regions merely be increased as a way of generating further revenue for the school systems, this does not reflect a level of fairness and ultimately punishes the poorest property holders within a given region (Ellis, 1976). Similarly, the authors target the fact that the poorer regions within California, the state in question, reflect a greatly increased percentage of renters as compared to other regions throughout the st ate. The increased percentage of renting families means that this funding stream ultimately begins to dry up and disappear with respect to an ever increasing percentage of poverty that may be exhibited. Further focusing upon the issue of property tax, the authors discuss the minimum and maximum limits on the property tax rate with respect to what is deemed as a per pupil limit many individuals extracurricular the education system are wholly unaware of the fact that such

Statistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Coursework ExampleA marketing manager of a well-known bookstore in the UK conducted a survey measuring customers loyalty. Customers Loyalty was measured with one doubt on an ordinal scale from 1 to 10, with lower determine indicating less strength and higher values greater strength. The manager also took details on their gender. The manager performed a t-test to examine whether there was an acquaintance between the variables loyalty and gender. The results are shown below.The difference between the means is evidently significantly low at 0.86. However, from the test results, the p value 0.0002 is less compared to the significance train of 0.05. For this reason, we reject the null hypothesis. We may and so conclude that loyalty may be associated with gender.It means that the difference between the mean loyalty level of males and the mean loyalty level of the females is 0.86. That is mean of male meeting minus mean of female group is -0.86. The negative sign shows th at the mean of the female group is higher than the mean of the male

Time Value of Money Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Value of Money - Research Paper ExampleCalculation regarding future tense apprises of present values is extremely important when making important investment decisions (Andrew, 1997). A motorbus who would be uncertain of what would be the future value of his investment instantly, he would be uncertain whether to scoot on the investment or not. Suppose, a manager takes on an investment to invest in a bond that will pay him $ 1000 at maturity at 5% interest. How would he value the investment in terms of today?What is explicitly of importance to the manager is that how much the investor should pay today in order to get that $ 1000 principal at maturity (Brealey, 2005). The investor should use the application of period value of money in order to determine whether the amount that the borrower is asking is appropriate or not. Similarly, an investor major power want to know that if he deposits a certain sum of money in the bank, then what would be the future value of the payment that he would receive at the relevant interest rate fewer years from now ( Andrew, 1997).The basic concept I have learnt from this assignment is how to apply the application of prison term value of money in different situations. Sometimes, we have been given the future value and all development and we had to find the present value, while sometimes we had been given present value and we had to calculate the future value. In summation, I have learnt the practical application and usefulness of time value of

Marketing Strategies Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

merchandise Strategies - Personal education ExampleIt also highlights how Phil addresses the gaps that are founder in products provided and customer expectations. Table of Content Executive Summary of the Marketing Plan 5 conjunction Introduction 5 Mission Statement 6 Branding 6 Pricing 8 dissemination Plan 10 Integrated Marketing Communication 11 Customer Satisfaction Plan 11 Marketing strategies 12 SWOT 13 Strength 14 Opportunity 14 Differentiation scheme 15 Be a attraction of follower 15 Macro Environmental Issues 16 prodigious Business Trends 16 Marketing Plan 17 Reference 21 Executive Summary of the Marketing Plan Phil has been training to expand its business. Africa is having the maximum demand for electronic goods in the world so Phil has been intendning to set up its base in this area. Phil is planning to launch both low as vigorous as medium end phones in this market. Along with providing goods according to the requirement, Phil has been providing variety of serv ices. Effective after sales event services and repairs will help in the expansion of the connection. The basic market plan is to produce save those goods that are of high demand. Provide good after sale services so that it can amass some loyal customers who would stick to the brand for a long time. The requirements of different markets are different so Phil has carried out an effective research of each product. The aim of the company is to become a market leader in future. The target customers need to be estimated and accordingly the profit and sales plan needs to be prepared. This would invariably help the marketing plan of the company. The marketing plan that it follows in the west is different from what it has been pursuance in Africa as the taste and preferences differ from place to place. It needs to effectively execute its marketing plan for the success of the company. Company Introduction Phil Company extra was set up on 12th April 2008. It is a private company which de als in manufacturing of electronic goods. Phil Samuel founded this company. The headquarters of Phil Company restrain is situated in Cambridge, regular army. at that place are two manufacturing sites in Kingston and Jamaica. Phil Company Limited is a manufacturing company in USA. The company is owned by Dick Harry, Phil Samuel along with 8 other partners. The products that the company manufactures consist of television sets, radios, little waves, cell phones and computer hardware. Phil Company Limited has been in manufacturing business for the last 4 years. Phil Company Limited generally manufactures goods based on the orders from the various retailers existing in the market. The total employee strength of Phil Company Limited stands is about 2000, which include its sites in US and Jamaica. The company has been steadily increasing its market share in both domestic as well as international market because of the companys experience in this heavens as well as the companys performa nce. The company is striving hard to increase its market share. Mission Statement The Mission Statement consists of the purpose of the organization. The main purpose or bearing of the organization is to become the leader in manufacturing as well as marketing the electronic goods not only in USA but throughout the world. The organization is trying to bind in the latest technology which would help in production of advanced electronic products which would carter to the requirements of the people and thus will be successful in its mission of becoming the largest manufacturer of electronic goo

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources Literature review

Centre for renewable Energy Sources - Literature review ExampleOcean waves heartiness is solar qualification in its concentrated form. Cruz (2008) describes the process of wave creation as follows the sun produces temperature differences across the globe, ca use winds that rove over the sea surface. These cause ripples, which grow into swells. (p.1) Ocean waves are distinguished by the highest level of zippo density in comparing with other postcode sources. Brooke (2006) asserts that the density of wave energy just infra oceanic surface is five times higher than the density of energy of wind 20m above the ocean surface, and 20 to 30 times than the density of solar energy. The theoretical potential of electricity production by using of waves is enormous, according to Tulloch (2010) it fire reach up to 80,000 Terawatt hours a year, almost five times the fields annual electricity consumption. Drew et al (2009) mention several other characteristics of ocean waves providing sign ificant advantages of using them for energy production Ocean waves energy is solar energy in its concentrated form. Cruz (2008) describes the process of wave creation as follows the sun produces temperature differences across the globe, causing winds that rape over the ocean surface. These cause ripples, which grow into swells. (p.1) Ocean waves are distinguished by the highest level of energy density in comparing with other energy sources. Brooke (2006) asserts that the density of wave energy just downstairs ocean surface is five times higher than the density of energy of wind 20m above the sea surface, and 20 to 30 times than the density of solar energy. The theoretical potential of electricity production by using of waves is enormous, according to Tulloch (2010) it can reach up to 80,000 Terawatt hours a year, almost five times the humans annual electricity consumption. Drew et al (2009) mention several other characteristics of ocean waves providing significant advantages of u sing them for energy production Relatively low negative environmental impact. It is generally considered that using of waves as the source of renewable energy does not cause CO2 emissions. Waves are much stronger in winter by nature, so seasonal variability of their energy follows the electricity demand in clement climates. Waves also can transfer energy on large distances with little losses. Wave power devices can produce electricity up to 90 percent of the time, while wind and solar power devices however 2030 percent (p.888).

Vicarious Liability -Legal Aspects in Health Care Essay - 1

Vicarious Liability -Legal Aspects in wellness Care - Essay ExampleIn legal terms, this act is referred to as vicarious liability. It allows for holding an employer prudent for the persons working under their instructions irrespective of whether they are employees or independent contractors, whether they committed the crime intentionally, unintentionally, neglectfully or with criminal oriented intentions. In common knowledge, the boss or an employer, who in other course is the employing authority, should take liability. This is because ideally, the employer has the fattest bank accounts compared to their employees, has the ability to access insurance indemnity and by virtue of the authority bestowed upon it, it mountain encourage its personnel to use the medical etiquette and ethics professionally. Just as a parent is probable for his/her childs mistake, the medical care organization should take vicarious liability (Devine, 2009)Lawmedconsultant.com observes that Ellis Memorial i nfirmary, dictated in Tarpon Springs, Florida was served with two medical lawsuits of professional negligence. Shirley Reth brought two-consolidated lawsuits on behalf of the estate of Reth.The suits concerned Sean Reth who had undergone an unsuccessful sensuous surgery at the hospital in March 2006 but died three days later due(p) to Anesthesia Medical personnels malpractices, as Reth argued in the summons. This led to insufficient supply of oxygenated ocellus to the patients brain, medically referred as cerebral ischemia, along with intra-operative cardiac arrest, in other words, heart attack.In this case, anaesthetic associates of North Pinellas PA, PA, Teresa catsos CRNA, Hugh Siegel, CRNA together with Glen Syperda, D.O. an Anesthesiologist and the hospital were the defendants. Even if the defendants were not directly employed by the hospital, it was the hospitals responsibility to take the initiative and bear the brunt of the personnel that was working under its instructio ns. According to Reth the barrister, Mr. Reths death

Legal Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

effective Advice - bear witness ExampleFactual Information In summary, Mr. and Mrs. Elliot (the Elliots) made an practical application to their Council, on behalf of their tidings, Billy, for a grant for their son to study at a residential ballot school. The application was made on the sideline rationality there were no comparable schools available within a reasonable proximity of their family they were inefficient to pay the fees of the available schools and, under the heading other exceptional circumstances, they argued that their son had been the dupe of blustery at his local school due to his interest in ballot dancing. The Council rejected the application without having considered oral representations from the Elliots. The Grants Application Officer informed Mrs. Elliot, by telephone, that the application had been rejected because ballot schools had been excluded from the range of courses which were organism funded. Mrs. Elliot was barely informed that the Council nev er considered issues falling under other exceptional circumstances due to the lengthy disputes which oftentimes resulted. The Grants Application Officer stated that in any event the Council had no duty to distribute a grant as they could exercise their discretion as they deemed appropriate in the circumstances. ... Word limit 1500 (+/-10%) Legal Advice Introduction Mr. and Mrs. Elliot are seeking advice on the prospects of successfully applying for judicial review against a decision by their local authority (the Council) to refuse their son a grant to study at a residential ballot school. This advice has been divided into the following sections Factual Information The Remit of Judicial critique The Requirements of Judicial Review Legal Analysis of the Issues and Conclusion. Factual Information In summary, Mr. and Mrs. Elliot (the Elliots) made an application to their Council, on behalf of their son, Billy, for a grant for their son to study at a residential ballot school. The ap plication was made on the following grounds there were no comparable schools available within a reasonable proximity of their home they were unable to pay the fees of the available schools and, under the heading other exceptional circumstances, they argued that their son had been the victim of bullying at his local school due to his interest in ballot dancing. The Council rejected the application without having considered oral representations from the Elliots. The Grants Application Officer informed Mrs. Elliot, by telephone, that the application had been rejected because ballot schools had been excluded from the range of courses which were being funded. Mrs. Elliot was further informed that the Council never considered issues falling under other exceptional circumstances due to the lengthy disputes which often resulted. The Grants Application Officer stated that in any event the Council had no duty to award a grant as they could exercise their discretion as they deemed appropriate in the circumstances. In firing of the above, the Elliots seek advice on the

The Effect Of An Independent Exercise Program Essay

The Effect Of An Independent Exercise Program - Essay theoretical accountIn the development of various exercise programs for treating the patients with bronchiectasis it is important to father enough knowledge as for the subject matter of airway headway methods, their durability and outcomes. There has been made profound research a for the effects and effectiveness of such methods, and it is necessary to discuss them in general and especi altogethery concentrate on the PEP method. vast research has supported the central role and importance of the retained secretions in initiating the bronchiectatic process. Bronchiectasis is characterized by the effect of mucous secretion hypersecretion, and it is the display of the disease destructive effect. If the secretions are not cleared from the airways, they will nurture the organisms, which in their contort become the reason of chronic inflammation, and support the high level of various toxic byproducts in the lungs of patients. mucus similarly serves the means of transporting the chemical products, which seriously damage the lung defense system. In case the patient is diagnosed having uppity amount of mucus in his lungs, there is a threat that the clearance mechanism will be destroyed as well as further promotion of bronchiectasis will be promoted. However, certain researches have been devoted to the evaluation of effectiveness in relation to different airway clearance methods.It is necessary to find out that with the development of new approaches to the bronchiectasis treatment the central role will be devoted to prevention or earlier intervention of the disease, and the excessive use of antibiotics should become the means of emergency rescue means in the most serious cases. The airway clearance therapy should be thoroughly developed and should carry aggressive character, no matter which method exactly is chosen. Any method of airway clearance will enhance the clearance of thick mucus. Airway clearance tech niques are divided into several methods and are represented as follows mechanistic percussionPositive expiratory pressureVibratory positive expiratory pressureIntrapulmonary percussive ventilationEtc.Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) or expiratory resistance for COPD promotes the clearance of mucus and the collateral ventilation disease. PEP works through pushing air into the lungs, keeping them open all the time. Through the use of PEP the person breathes in normally, but breathing out is made as if through resistance. The PEP device is usually employ with a mask it is noted that it can also adapted for the delivery of bronchodilators. Shelton (2004) notes, that it is effective without the need for using the postiral drainage, and of course in case it is performed incorrectly, it proves itself to be abruptly ineffective, though this may be said in relation to any other airway clearance techniques. The systematic review of the literature, related with the use and various research es in the area of PEP devices, has been made by Elkins et al. (2004), however, the bigger portion of the studies, found by author, have been considered by him to e of low quality. He has used twenty studies in his research, which included 430 participants. According to the literary research, it has been indicated that forced expiratory volume in 1 second was the most common

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

faithfulness - Essay Examplebe divided among the parties and in what manner.2 On the facts of the case for discussion it appears that a plastered understanding existed between Pam, Tim and Derek with regards to the beneficial interests of the dwelling house and although Derek did not execute the deed reflecting those interests he is at liberty to invoke the doctrine of proprietorship estoppel to enforce his interest.The essence of the issue in these formality cases is that unitary party claims to be entitled to some proprietary right (or the monetary expression of the right22) even though in the normal course such creation or transfer would be ineffective out-of-pocket to an absence of formality.3As Dixon explains the use of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel requires a contravention of some statutory provision.4 For instance Section 53(1) of the Law of Property Act 1925 dictate that a disposition of an interest in realty be evidenced by writing. The imposition of an implied o r positive trust necessitates a going away from the rigid statutory requirements for written evidence of the conveyance or other disposition of an interest in realty.5Be that as it may, Sir Christopher Slade in Huntingford v Hobbs 1993 1 FLR 736 explains that the imposition of a constructive, implied or resulting trust atomic number 18 typically exempt from the formal requirements mandated by Section 53(1). Sir Christopher Slade explainedIn the absence of whatever declaration of trust, the parties respective(prenominal) beneficial interests in the property fall to be determined not by reference to any broad concepts of justice, but by reference to the principles governing the creation or operation of resulting, implied or constructive trusts which by s 53(2) of the Law of Property Act 1925 are exempted from the general requirements of writing imposed by s 53(1).6According to the ruling in Lloyd v Dugdale 2001 All ER 306 an estoppel is a proprietary right which can bind a third pa rty as an overriding interest at bottom the meaning of

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 262

Assignment ExampleSocial forces highlight the consumer behavior course and engage in the food market place. Like if the restaurant is opened in a rural sports stadium where the social forces restrict people to go to a restaurant then it would not be skillful for the barter.These forces denote the effectiveness and efficiency of a business sector. As the external environment introduces new technology or innovation it becomes important for a business to incorporate advanced technology in order to rest at par with other players. Apple Inc. can be regarded as most prominent instance in this field as it upgrades its technical factors as and when required.Political instability seems to disrupt the entire business environment. The norms and regulations that are set forth by the political authority govern functioning of a business (Daft and Marcic 91). On the other hand tax benefits that are authorized by leaders denote the internet margin for the business. Indianapolis is a region where majority of manufacturing factories had closed down due to such liquid political scenario and increasing rate of homicide.A new business venture that is set forth is essentially based on the factor of solving a obscure problem of consumers. In case of a restaurant the major problem can be unavailability of a specific kind of culinary art for which there is high demand in the market place. For instance people had a hidden demand for such a device which would operate as a phone but even consummate necessary operations of a laptop and this problem was eradicated with the launch of tablet.Market gaps are generally associated with hidden demand which has not yet explored by any players in a particular industry. Filling in this gap would mean that a business venture is been able to successfully position itself in the market and can achieve competitive

Argue why Willy commits suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argue why Willy commits suicide - Essay ExampleWilly badly orients in the sphere, looking at it through pink glasses of his interpreting of the American envisage. His perception is childish and mythopoetic, and as all of us he is awfully afraid that his world can be broken, while as all of us he is not able to adjust his place beyond the mental frameworks he has built his life on. Lomans interpretation of the American Dream makes him measure happiness in terms of success and material wellness that can be reached, as in a fairy tale, due to luck and favorable appearance. Abandoned by his father and older brother, Loman strives for being well-liked. Unable to realize his dreams himself, Willy puts great hopes onto his sons, who fail to justify them. Frightened and directed by ridiculous visions, he is constantly lying to himself and people surrounding him. This way he tries to blind himself. We never told the justice for ten minutes in this house - exclaims Biff. Loman has no f riends. At last Willy is abandoned even by his sons.His suicide is first of all his childish attempt to be loved at last. Planting the tend at night, Willy imagines his funerals Ben, that funeral will be massive Theyll come from Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, impertinent Hampshire All the old-timers with the strange license platesthat male child will be thunderstruck, Ben, because he never realizedI am known Rhode Island, New York, New JerseyI am known, Ben, and hell see it with his eyes once and for all. Hell see what I am, Ben Hes in for a shock, that boy Death is an opportunity to make his sons regret of him and see that his life had meaning. naively Willy associates his funerals with those of Singleman, to which hundreds of salesmen and buyers came. Funerals are to become Willys triumph. In fact, all his life is waiting for those funerals, demonstrating that he is well-liked and respected, that he has achieved more in life.Willy commits his suicide in hope that his family wi ll get insurance money.

Can be on anything to do with microbiology (you can chose the topic) Article

Can be on anything to do with microbiology (you can chose the topic) - Article ExampleThe gold standard for diagnosing typhoid fever is isolation of beingness through blood stopping point. But lack of expertise and equipment for this test makes it unusable in a circumferential setting. Widal test is overly useful, but is of no value in endemic aras. Currently, this test is regarded as non-specific and inaccurate. Because of these limitations of the common tests, several assays and serological tests have been developed but have not been found to be optimal. Thus, the take up of the hour with regard to typhoid testing is a test that is not only simple, but also reliable and carried out in small laboratories in the peripheries. Two such tests which merit importance are typhidot M and Diazo tests. In this study, Beige et al prospectively evaluated typhidot M and Diazo tests vis-a-vis blood culture and Widal test in children. In this prospective study, children aged 6 months to 12 years with fever of much than four days duration and with clinical suspicion of fever were enrolled. Those with other suspected diagnosis were use as controls.

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION Essay

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION - Essay exemplarFor one thing, this treaty came into force in the year 2000, that is, after the date of enforcement of capital of Austria Convention on January 27, 1980. Besides, it is also a written covenant and belongs to the genre of triangular treaty having four different countries, A, B, C and D as signatories, whose governments would have, on the date of affirmation of contractual agreement in year 2000, hold to be bound by the provisions of this scotch covenant among these four countries for furthering mutual co-operation and accord.However, one prognosis of this multilateral agreement stands out like a sore thumb, which is the aspect of grand norm. It is seen that under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any covenant that is in direct confrontation with a peremptory law is void ab initio. However, it does delineate that the rule of force or coercion for gaining consent for multilateral treaties is not permissible. This aspect is also in direct conflict with the spirit of linked Nations Organisation UNO) which prohibits the put on of force or coercion in reaching global accords and contracts.In this case, it is believed that State D has immovable to terminate its participation in the treaty, claiming that its ratification of the 2000 treaty was gained through coercion by the threat of economic sanctions by states A, B, and C. In the event that this contention is true, the agreement becomes void and in direct violation of term 52 of Vienna Convention 1968, which states that A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations. (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 18). However, it would be incumbent upon State D to prove that coercion has indeed taken place.However, the present government in State D

Foreign Policy Roles of The President and The Congress Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy Roles of The chairperson and The coitus EssayAccording to the United States Constitution, the making of impertinent policy is shared by both the professorship and the Congress. They are said to be working at a cross-purposes in foreign policy. Each plays all important(predicate) use of goods and servicess that are different but often overlap. It is sort of inevitable to have disagreements between these executive and legislative telles. But these foreign policy disputes are actually sometimes constructive or not inescapably bad.Every so often, this can contribute to useful improvements to foreign policies. Significantly, the two sectiones possess ongoing opportunities in making and altering foreign policies, and the interactions between them continue indefinitely by means ofout the life of a policy. However, when the foreign policy is poorly served, the relationship between the executive and legislative branches becomes hostile and unpleasant.Having the accountability for check and eternal sleep between these government branches, the Congress should critic the administration of the prexy in the light that it is seeking emend partnership with the administration in view of better governance of the country and, in this specific case, jump on in the formulation of America foreign policy. The President usually responds to current stillts in foreign countries and and then initiates U. S. policy.Sometimes, the executive branch wants to begin a foreign policy program that requires legislation, and accordingly proposes legislation to Congress, thereby needing approval from the latter in this situation. Also, the power of negotiation gives the executive branch a dominant role in making foreign policy through international agreements, but the President must keep back into account congressional opinion because these agreements often require the approval of the Senate or the Congress.The latter in like manner diverge agreements by plac ing in legislation instructions and views concerning international agreements, indicating what kind of agreement would be acceptable. The President also establishes US foreign policy through unilateral statements or joint statements with other(a) governments. The executive branch also establishes foreign policy through legislation, continues to word form policy as it interprets and applies the various provisions of law. Occasionally, the President tackles a sudden foreign policy action before Congress is fully informed about it.The Congress then usually supports the President, but sometimes it tries to halt or reverse the policy or pass legislation to restrain the President from similar actions in the future. The Congress introduces many resolutions stating the sense of the dramatic art on foreign policy, and many of these resolutions are adopted. It sometimes initiates a foreign policy by utilize legislation to establish a new program, set objectives and guidelines, authorize and direct the executive branch to undertake specified activities, and by earmarking appropriations used in a specified way.At times, the Congress pressures the executive branch into a new direction in foreign policy by threatening to pass legislation, even though the legislation is not enacted, or by continuing to exhort a policy through many means. Providing advice to the executive branch in informal contacts is also a means of the Congress to shape foreign policy. Regular oversight of executive branch implementation of foreign policy helps the Congress as well in shaping these policies (Grimmet).The international agreements regardless of their title, designation or form whose entry into specialty with view to the United States takes place only after two thirds of the US Senate has given its advice and consent under Article II, section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution, are treaties. On the other hand, international agreements brought into force with respect to the United States on a constitutional basis other than with the advice and consent of the Senate are international agreements other than treaties, and are often referred to as executive agreements.Treaties require the consent of the Senate. The Senate, therefore, may approve, reject or rewrite a treaty. The Senate approves most of the treaties but some are also rejected. One significant example is the conformity of Versailles. Executive agreements are far more common than treaties. They do not require the consent of the Senate, though Congress may be notified shortly after an agreement is reached. Unlike treaties, these agreements do not exchange existing statues.Examples are the Yalta and Potsdam agreements and the Vietnam Peace agreement. In summary, the President or the executive branch can firebrand foreign policy through responses to foreign events, proposals for legislation, negotiation of international agreements, policy statements, policy implementation and self-employed person action. Mo reover, the Congress can make foreign policy through resolutions and policy statements, legislative directives, legislative pressure, legislative restrictions / funding denials, informal advice, and congressional oversight.The Congress maintains a decisive voice in either load-bearing(a) the Presidents approach or changing it. Changing policies may prove to be quite complex in the short term. In most cases though, Congress agrees with the President, but often makes significant modifications in the process of approving them. It is then important to note that the support or approval of both the legislative and executive branch is required for an effective and well-founded U. S. foreign policy.Works CitedGrimmett, Richard F. Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress. Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division. US Department of State. 1999, June 1. http//fpc.state.gov/fpc/6172.htm.

Educational psychology Essay Example for Free

educational psychology EssayEducation is a broad term that can have many meanings, still it is generally defined as the process of learning and acquiring information. Formal learning in a school or university is one of the most common types, though self-teaching and so-called life experiences can excessively qualify. Communities around the world place a high value on educating people of all ages, whether formally or informally. It is widely believed that constant exposure to new ideas and skills makes people better workers, thinkers, and societal contri aloneors. Formal Schooling. near people associate education with schools and classrooms where trained teachers present information to students. Classroom learning generally starts when a baby bird is relatively young around age five in most countries and continues until the teenage years. The excogitation of most classroom learning is not to prepare a child for a specific job, but rather to help him or her develop critical reasoning and thinking skills. Reading, writing, and math are in truth common lessons for young learners. As students progress in their schooling, they often come into contact with more ambitious subjects like written composition, history, and advanced sciences. Educational Structures Around the World.Different countries place different emphases on education, though some form of schooling is mandatory for young children almost everywhere. Requirements are usually based on the belief that an educated population is best suited for advancement, both internally and internationally. In most places, childhood schooling is offered free of charge university training is besides underwritten with government funds in some places. The wideness of AssessmentExposing students to new ideas and essential facts is only part of most educational goals. Students are also judge to retain most if not all of the information that they learn in school. Teachers and professors commonly use exams and g raded assignments to assess learning. Standardized tests are one of the most popular ways of driving curricula and lesson planning throughout the world.These sorts of tests help make sure that all students are learning the same basic things, no field who their teacher is or wherethey attend school. Sometimes, laws also have a role to play, like the United States No Child Left Behind Act. This act creates a way to measure how much each child is learning across different school systems to ensure that all children receive a minimum take aim of knowledge. Advanced University TrainingMany people choose to extend their formal education beyond what is undeniable by pursuing university studies. Students typically have a wide range of choices when it comes to subject area and grad options, and most schools offer programs at varying levels. Those who are very passionate about a feature topic often choose to study it intently at the graduate level others who hope to get d stimulate certa in specialized professions may also seek out more nuanced educational opportunities, such as law school or medical school. Life Experiences and Informal Learning.While book learning is very important, it is not the only form of education. Some individuals are self-taught, which means that they pursue knowledge on their own outside of a formal classroom. Many of these people may have read extensively or may have become experts within a given field. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, for example, was a college dropout. or so of what he learned he taught himself. A range of life skills things like self sufficiency, independence, and discipline also frequently come within the broader umbrella of education. Cultural adaptation and the skills needed to engage in hunting lodge can also be thought of as educational. In most cases, any time a person acquires a new skill or learns to act in a new way, he has been educated in some form or another.

Shapers Family Shop Sales Inventory System Essay Example for Free

Shapers Family rat gross revenue Inventory System EssayCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUNDIntroductionComputers make works easier and faster. With this occasion, you terminate create anything like programs that may answer you make your work easy. Now, we have gross sales Inventory System which can be consider a big help when it comes to large wrinklees. It can make your work much detailed, faster, accurate and less error. The researchers manners an interview with the possessor of Shapers Family rat at 10518 Grove Street, Lopez Avenue, Brgy. Batong Malake, Lopez Avenue, Los Baos, Philippines. (Abdul Hakeem Esmail, 2011) Manual stock is a handmade list of materials or goods used in certain business. Like in Shapers Family divulge, they be save using a manual strain. With this summons, they might en computeer whatsoever problems or difficulty. Manual inventory relies firmly on the actions of people, which increases the possibility of human error.People might forget to record a transaction or simply miscount the number of goods. This may results in needless additional orders that increase the companys inventory carrying costs, marrow the business could run out of a crucial item at the wrong time. (Chris Joseph, 2011) Meanwhile, there is this thing called sales and inventory clay. This dodge can replace the cost and time consuming processes that were once entire by hand while providing companies with more accurate entropy. This system is used to track the merchandise and goods of sell stores, grocery stores, hardware stores, etc. Automated inventory systems play a large role in to daylights businesses, especially the retail industry. This is because businesses want the ability to access and organize data in a quick and efficient manner. (Lexi Hartman, 2005)Background of the StudyIn the year August 1, 1990, Mr. Vital started a business named, Shapers Family Shop at 10518 Grove Street, Lopez Avenue, Brgy. Batong Malake, Lopez Avenue, Los Baos, Philippines . This shop has 3 components Computer shop, Boutique Shop and Parlor Shop. It provides the customers t-shirt printing, renting of computers, body accessories, document or thesis printing, scanning and hair treatments. Shapers Family Shop uses a manual inventorysystem that causes some human error and time consuming for the transactions. The otherwise problem is that, they only have limited staff who helped them handling the inventory.After hearing the background of the business and the common problems that they have encountered, the proponents planned to help them to lessen the errors and the time consumed by providing a sales and inventory system. Sales and Inventory System is a kind of software that allows businesses to input their inventory, track and manage the immersion and outgoing products that were delivered and sold.This research break down aims to create a sales and inventory system for Shapers Family Shop that the owner and the staff may use to mak e the records of their sales and products accurate. It can also make their work easier and more detailed because it allow lessen the time they use in recording the goods or merchandises.PROBLEM renderingThis section states the main and specific problems that basically point to the need of an advance method of montoring the sales and inventory system of Shapers Family Shop. It also cites the inconvinience and problems identified on the current system main(prenominal) problem of the oeuvreShapers Family Shop is using a manual inventory system that encounters unorganized list of products and sales, unknown total income at the end of the day and time consuming for listing and counting manually the products sold and sales. It does not update at the end of the day with updated inventory counts. This means you must go through the inventory items apiece time you need to place an order for new products or supplies for the inventory. The specific problem of the theatre of operationsThe study, therefore, seek to answer the following questions 1.How much is the estimated income in one day?2.How can the employee list the items sold during a single work day? 3.How many is the estimated sold products in one day?4.How can the owner view the list of all products?Objectives of the StudyThis section discusses the main and specific objectives of the study that will exercise the problems which has been identified.Main Objective of the studyThe main objective of the project is to design and develop a Sales and Inventory System that will show the list of sold products, compute the income for the day, lessen the consumed time in recording the sales and minimize the possibility of having an error while recording the sales. The specific objectives of the studySpecifically, the study aims to1.To make the computation of daily income accurate.2.To lessen the difficulty in listing the products sold.3.To make it easy to count the list of products sold.4.To make it easy to view and s earch the products.RESEARCH FRAMEWORKThis section discusses the theories that the proponents came up from the cerebrate studies that they gathered. This help the proponents to understand better and analyze the different dimensions of the study. Theoretical FrameworkThis table shows the Tangible benefits of the Shapers Sales Inventory System.Tangible Benefits WorksheetShapers Sales Inventory System(Year 1-5)A. speak to Reduction or Avoidance30, 000B.Error Reduction 5,000C.Increased Flexibility10,000D.Increased Speed of Activity10,000E.Improvement of the Management35,500 proviso or ControlF.Other ______________________0TOTAL Tangible Benefits P90, 500This table shows the One-Time cost of Shapers Sales Inventory System.One-Time address WorksheetShapers Sales Inventory System(Year 1-5)A.System Development50,000B.New Hardware And Software purchase65,000C.User Training5,000D.Site Preparation0E.Data or System conversion0TOTAL One-Time CostP120, 000This table shows fall out Cost of Shape rs Sales Inventory System.Recurring Cost WorksheetShapers Sales Inventory System(Year 1-5)A.Application software maintenance10,000B.Incremental data storage expense 5,000C.Incremental Communications 5,000D.New Software and Hardware leases 0 E.Supplies and other expenses10,000TOTAL Recurring Cost P30, 000This table shows the Cost Benefit Analysis of Shapers Sales Inventory System.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYScope and confinementThe study focused mainly on the sales inventory system of Shapers Family Shop. The proposed system has the modules containing all the cultivation about their sales and the items being process. All information is stored in the database which contains security features in order to defend the data from the unauthorized use. This study will be conducted in Los Baos, Laguna. It involves interviews to the owner of the shop and observations of their process and lifestyle that may help to identify problems on their business. This study intends to resolve the f ollowing problems that were mentioned in Main and Specific Problems of the Study. It will also help them to have a consistent and organized process for their business.The respondents of this study are the owner of the shop and their staff. This study will be conducted for a week only. The first day will be the interview to the respondents and the next day/s will be the thesis proposal.The researchers will be using VB.Net and MYSQL.Significance of the StudyThe proponents decided to develop a sales inventory system for Shapers Family Shop. It specifically aimed to resolve each problem and lessen the difficulties of the business and its staff.thither are several beneficiaries of this study and these include the Shapers Family Shop itself. With the functions catered by this system, the performance of the work inside the business may improve. The expenses of the company which are reserved for the materials to be used in the current manual system will be lessen because this system does n ot require massive amount of papers for the filing and documentation.This system is regarded to be in truth useful to the owner of Shapers Family Shop. Since they are the ones who will use the system, it will make their work fast and error-free. There is a huge difference between the usage of their current system and the usage of this system, because this system features some functionality that reduces time and effort in placing itemsand sales description, easily monitor the sales and generate reports for improving their works.The elementary beneficiaries also include future researchers, in which they can use this study as a annex material. This study shares information to future researchers about the sales monitoring, as well as the inventory system of the said business.Lastly the proponents benefitted in this study, especially during the data assessment process and system development. The proponents acquired several skills that can be used for their future jobs in terms of deali ng with clients, as well as growth a system that may contribute to the IT industry.

Company as a Separate Legal Entity Essay Example for Free

Company as a Separate Legal Entity EssayA legal entity, typically a contrast, that is defined as detached from a nonher business or individual with respect to accountability. A know apart legal entity may be set up in the case of a corporation or a restrain liability party, to check the actions of the entity from those of the individual or other friendship. Meaning If a business is a separate legal entity, it means it has some of the same rights in law as a person. It is, for example, able to repose contracts. In New Zealand, a federation is a separate legal entity from its witnessers (shareholders) and abide, for example, be sued, and enter into contracts in the name of the connection, not the shareholders. Sole traders and partnerships are not separate legal, entities from the owners. Some Business entities like corporation, LLC can exist separately from its owners. In a common language that a corporation is a separate entity of its owners and corporation itself is an entity like human being created through legal or official process. Corporation lives and does its activities at its own existences and is treated in its own capacity.It does the business, it generates the revenue, it can incur losses, it hires the employees and it pays its own taxes. It is a better fig of existence for the reason it takes its responsibilities itself, owners are free from their personal liabilities and owners enjoy limited personal liability (risk) whole up to their investments in stocks, though there may be certain situations where their personal responsibilities can cash in ones chips from limited liability concept. Separate Entity Concept is better choice and it has better features because corporation enjoys separate entity concept, has indecisive life (perpetual).Management and ownership may change but corporation will exist indefinitely at its own existence, unless it is officially dissolved or merged. Corporation has a better scope for voluminous amp mu ltiple businesses, expending business, securing debts, attracting investors, retaining professional setup and engaging professional management, promoting amp achieving new ideal, expanding its activities at local to global level. Under Separate Entity Concept, Corporation is treated in its own capacity, but it is not a human being, it is an artificial being, therefore, it has to be managed by people in different capacities such as owners,The shareholders were Mr. Salomon,his wife, daughter and four sons. Two of his sons became directors Mr. Salomon himself was managing director. Mr. Salomon owned 20,001 of the companys 20,007 shares the re main(prenominal)ing six were shared severally between the other six shareholders. Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new corporation for almost ? 39,000, of which ? 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the companys spark advance shareholder and its principal creditor. Transfer of the business took nates on June 1, 1892. The p urchase money the company paid to Mr.Salomon for the business was ? 20,000. The company also gave Mr. Salomon ? 10,000 in debentures that is, Salomon gave the company a ? 10,000 loan, secured by a charge over the assets of the company. The balance paid went to extinguish the businesss debts (? 1,000 of which was cash to Salomon). concisely after Mr. Salomon incorporated his business a series of strikes in the shoe industry led the government, Salomons main customer, to split its contracts among more firms. The government wanted to diversify its supply base to avoid the risk of its a couple of(prenominal) suppliers being crippled by strikes.His warehouse, as a consequence, was full of unsold stock. He and his wife alter the company money, and he cancelled his debentures, but the company needed more money, so they sought ? 5,000 from a Mr. Edmund Broderip. Mr. Salomon assigned Broderip his debenture, the loan with ten per cent interest and secured by a floating charge. But Salomons business still failed, and he could not keep up with the interest payments. In October 1893, Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was personate into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his ? ,000, and the debenture was reassigned to Salomon, who retained the floating charge over the company JUDGMENT High Court When the company went into liquidation, the liquidator argued that the debentures used by Mr. Salomon as security for the debt were invalid, on the grounds of fraud. The judge, Vaughan Williams J. accepted this argument, ruling that since Mr. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, the company was in reality his agent and he as principal was liable for debts to unsecured creditors.Court Of Appeal The Court of Appeal also ruled against Mr. Salomon, though on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had abused the privileges of incorporation and limited liability, which the Legislature had intended only to confer on nonsymbiotic bona fide shareho lders, who had a mind and will of their own and were not mere puppets. The Lords The House of Lords unanimously overturned this decision, rejecting the arguments from force and fraud. They held that there was postcode in the ferment about whether the subscribers (i. e. he shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as legal persons separate and distinct from the shareholders. Lord Halsbury renderd that the statute enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest which may be held by each of the 7 shareholders or as to the proportion of interest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others. Lord Halsbury remarked that even if he were to accept the proposition that judges were at shore leave to insert words to manifest the intention they wished to impute to the Legislature he was unable to discover what positive proposition the Court of Appeals logic suggested. He considered that identifying such an affirmative proposition delineate an insuperable difficulty for anyone putting forward the argument propounded by the lord justices of appeal.Lord Herschell noted the potentially far reaching implications of the Court of Appeals logic and that in recent years galore(postnominal) companies had been set up in which one or more of the seven shareholders were disinterested persons who did not keep up any influence over the management of the company. Anyone dealing with such a company was aware of its spirit as such, and could by consulting the register of shareholders become aware of the breakdown of share ownership among the shareholders.Lord Macnaghten asked what was injure with Mr. Salomon taking advantage of the provisions set out in the statute, as he was perfectly lawfully entitled to do. It was not the functio n of judges to read limitations into a statute on the basis of their own personal view that, if the laws of the land allowed such a thing, they were in a most lamentable state, as Malins V-C had stated in an earlier case in point, In Re Baglan Hall nether region Co. , which had likewise been overturned by the House of Lords.

Abolitionist movement Essay Example for Free

emancipationist move ment EssayWith the enlightenment and awareness of people regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the rudimentary tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country. The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the jural system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the reservoir of the famous novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to deter believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instig ation of unrest and irritation among the slaves as the main machinery to further their cause.The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its operoseest anchor power point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the southeasterlywest felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war.It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism historiographer James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the unite States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as t here were some(prenominal) groups already engagement for the liberation of slaves, such as the social club of Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were some(prenominal) institutions which prohibited slavery already.Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first grunge to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvanias example while some states chose to limit slave trading. numerous of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the regions life line in their plantations.Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed more anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to parcel out not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. forcefulness was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south. Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished all over in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states.Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every st ate should be free of slavery. The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the stretch out of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, guide by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooners group believed the constitution to be antislavery.Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law. More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away(p) from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing shelter and transporting slaves to freedom. After the Emancipation resolution of January 1, 1863 was done, many abolitionists moved to liberate slaves in the slave states. There were also movements to improve the social and spirit conditions of African-Americans all over the country. The Thirteenth Amendment finally ended all slave subjugations in the country.

Singapore education system Essay Example for Free

Singapore education governance EssaySingapores education system is whiz of the top among the world. I am jolly to start out up in such system whereby we ar trained since young to try and fulfill the trounce of both worlds balancing academic and non-academic achievements like CCAs. I would like to know the views on smell into various loopholes in the education systems.Ministry of Education (MOE) is crack new paths for students, who did well for their GCE N Level, to further their studies at Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or heretofore local Polytechnics without taking the GCE O Level, yet at the same time do not down any plans to further support these students such that nigh of them could not enter the local universities due to privation of qualifications. Singapores education system is integrity of the top among the world. I am glad to grow up in such system whereby we ar trained since young to try and achieve the best of both worlds balancing academic a nd non-academic achievements like CCAs.I would ask the Prime Minister for his views on aspect into various loopholes in the education systems. Ministry of Education (MOE) is go new paths for students, who did well for their GCE N Level, to further their studies at Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or however local Polytechnics without taking the GCE O Level, yet at the same time do not project any plans to further support these students such that near of them could not enter the local universities due to wish of qualifications.Singapores education system is one of the top among the world. I am glad to grow up in such system whereby we are trained since young to try and achieve the best of both worlds balancing academic and non-academic achievements like CCAs. I would ask the Prime Minister for his views on looking into various loopholes in the education systems.Ministry of Education (MOE) is offering new paths for students, who did well for their GCE N Level, to further their studies at Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or even local Polytechnics without taking the GCE O Level, yet at the same time do not have any plans to further support these students such that most of them could not enter the local universities due to lack of qualifications. Singapores education system is one of the top among the world. I am glad to grow up in such system whereby we are trained since young to try and achievethe best of both worlds balancing academic and non-academic achievements like CCAs. I would ask the Prime Minister for his views on looking into various loopholes in the education systems. Ministry of Education (MOE) is offering new paths for students, who did well for their GCE N Level, to further their studies at Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or even local Polytechnics without taking the GCE O Level, yet at the same time do not have any plans to further support these students such that most of them could not enter the local universities due t o lack of qualifications.

The economic process Essay Example for Free

The economic transit renderIn order to understand externality, we define it first. Externality is either a benefit or a cost that is incurred by a third party not involve in the economic process (Johnson 2005). Some of the common externalities that everyone encounters can be divided to production and consumption externalities. Again we define the devil terms. Production externality is a cost incurred by a party other than the producer that generates a difference between the cost to the producer and the society cost (real cost). On the other hand, Consumption eternality is a cost or a benefit that is incurred by a third party other than the consumer which generates a difference between the benefits of the consumer and the society benefits (real benefit) (Mikalson 2008). Some externalities that one encounters include overuse disposable items, overuse own(prenominal) vehicles which emits pollution, toxic material which are dumped in drains or in the air, education, vaccines, con gestion on the free way, plunk for hand smoke, research, information. Most of the said externalities are regulated.This includes personal vehicles which emits pollution, toxic materials which are dumped in drains or in the air, second hand smoke. These externalities are regulated because they are costs that the third party business leader incur. overuse disposable items, research, information and congestion of the freeway are externalities that are properly taken care of because it might be beneficial or it might incur cost. Lastly, education and vaccine are externalities that are paid for because it is an externality that is beneficial and should be focused upon (Mikalson 2008).

The Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Essay Example for Free

The Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Essay vellicate Childhood internal disgust is a serious concern that has been associated with enormous shape movement amongst survivors. exploitation secondary coil entropy, this qualitative piece of investigate explores the vast frontier set up of peasant familiar evil in posterior fully grown life. The purpose for this study is to create aw atomic make out 18ness to superiors that informal corrupt do continue long by and by the disgust stops thus, sufficient knowledge on the characteristics of the subvert.The long barrierinal figure set up focuses on deuce-ace modernisemental domains emotional kind and behavioural. The emotional vox populi looks at depression, lifeings of wickedness and fear. The tender aspect focuses on relationships and intimacy, and the behavioural aspect will discuss depicted objects dangerous behaviours. Results from the interrogation play up that the long term se t up be non consistent across the three domains. thusly, kid informal hatred is learned as a risk factor, as opposed to an actual cause to the makes. Neverthe slight, knowledge on the long term cause is imperative, to provide appropriate endure and services. investigate recommendations are discussed. Acknowledgments The writing of this let outing has been wiz of my biggest ch tout ensembleenges thus far as emotional as it was, I am pleased that I decided to fol pocket-size finished with my chosen topic. I buzz off learnt so much in the process, both academically and mortalally. This dissertation would not tole site been viable without the retain and guidance of several individuals. First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for providing me with the strength and courage to undergo such(prenominal)(prenominal) a big challenge.I would like to say a special thank you to my beloved family and friends who shit given me their support and judgment over th e past five months. I am really g set outful to be glad with such wonderful people, whitethorn God bless(prenominal) you all. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation tutor, Tricia Ayre. give thanks you for your invaluable assistance from the beginning to the end. Your support has meant a lot and kept me on the right tracks. give thanks. Thanks to my manager and colleagues at my final year placement who to a fault showed me a generous meat of support.A great effort has been put in into enabling shaverren to dis pie-eyed their nuisance, interventions and laws to protect survivors from such handle. However, how the corrupt effects the survivors has receive comparatively little attention, (Nelson and Hampson 2008). Research has documented that survivors are to a greater extent pr sensation to tole tempo from physical, brotherly emotional, cognitive and behavioural problems than non survivors, (Piper 2008, Nelson and Hampson 2008, Sanderson 2002). This is vital knowledge as such effects are liable(predicate) to do an re juvenile on the survivors well- universe.The aim of the interrogation is to explore the long term effects of CSA in three emergenceal domains Social, Emotional and Behavioural. The three domains are associated with The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, (Department of wellness 2012). Each domain plays a vital aim in the developmental needs of a child, interruptions in unitary or more than(prenominal)(prenominal) of the domains atomic number 50 raceway to a child not confrontation their near potential, (Department for Education and Skills 2004).The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, highlights the importance of these specific developmental domains in found for a child to achieve, it is for this reason why I capture chosen to explore these areas. The emotional aspect will discuss depression, feelings of guilt and anxiety. The social aspect will focus on relationships and intimacy, and finally the behavioural aspect will discuss issues dangerous behaviours. CSA heap leave survivors with both short and long term effects.This setting is supported by Ferguson (1997), as well as the immediate effects of such mistreat seen in childhood, findings from interrogation hold break how the jounce of CSA do-nothing affect the lives of adult survivors. Sexual shame is a traumatic and damaging experience which cease affect a childs depicted object for trust, intimacy, mental health and emotional development and ability to achieve both educationally and socially,( capital of the United Kingdom Child Protection Committee 2005). As a result of the damage ca utilise, it is possible for survivors to make love into communicate with masters and services to address issues they may be under leaving.However, not all victims will hear that they are survivors of CSA imputable to shame and embarrassment. In virtually what cases, the individuals may not be alert that their bring in issues are relate to their past abuse thusly will not feel the need to make the professional aware. all 27 per penny of ill-treated women attending familiar practices disclosed childhood abuse to their doctors, (Mammen and Olsen 1996). thusly, it is outstanding for professionals to have sufficient knowledge of the long term effects of CSA, as unknowingly may well be works with survivors.Long term effects of CSA can intermeddle with survivors mental health and well being, for these reasons social workers are likely to work with such service users, empowering them to reach their full potential. Thus it is imperative that social workers are aware of and familiar with the symptoms and long term effects associated with childhood internal abuse, to gain a better understanding of how to support such service users, (Hall and Hall 2011). I have interpreted an absorb in this subject for a reckon, as whilst under div ergence my social work placement in a womens prison, I worked with offenders with drug and alcoholic beverage misuse.A number of women disclosed that as a child, they had experienced a form of sexual abuse as a child. Anecdotally, many an(prenominal) of the women used substances to beat their emotions or repress the painful memories from their childhood. Research findings from Nesse (1994) states that drugs artificially induces pleasure or blocks normal suffering and are routinely used to block defences such as pain and anxiety. Substance misuse can lead the individual to experience issues in areas such as social, emotional, and behavioural, (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2004).Without the prisoner disclosing their past abuse, or the professional not being aware of the long term effects caused by CSA, the effects of the abuse can go unnoticed. Consequently issues adjoin their drug misuse are intercommunicate however the underlying problem of CSA still remains. As a newly qua lified social worker, it is fundamental that I am aware of both the short and long term effects of CSA, as on that point is a likelihood of meeting with survivors in my work environment.Being able to identify the effects, would al pocket-size me to develop a more impelling way of addressing the service users immediate needs, making sure they are aware of the supportive services available in the community. in that respectfore act uping this piece of query would have a absolute function towards my professional development, as I would be equipped with sufficient knowledge and understanding, prior going into practice. Conducting explore into this field I remember will alike have a positive contact on my personal development, as I am a survivor of CSA.Although it is key for professionals working with survivors to be aware of the effects, it is equally Copernican for the survivors themselves to be aware that the effects can continue long after the abuse stops. Through colos sal media attention habitual awareness on CSA has incrementd throughout the years, though CSA is not a repenny phenomenon. CSA is a social problem that has been of concern during earlier historical periods, (Conte 1994). tally to Jeffery (2006), prior to the 1960s there was very little mention of CSA.CSA and incest was seen as a verboten, (La Fontaine 1988). As this taboo was a lot shared by the victim, family and professional the problem remained widely unrecognised, (Bentovim et al 2009). In 1908 the Incest Act was effected and incest became illegal. However, this era was still seen as The time of silence, as it was literally im practicable to think astir(predicate) disclosing or debating sexual abuse, such acts were not accepted and imbibeed as forbidden. (Carlsson 2009). The Children Act in 1948 introduced child fretfulness departments to be set up in local authorities.Under the 1948 Children Act, it became the duty of a local permit to receive the child into care in cases of abuse or neglect, (Spicker 2007). In the 1940s there was an interest in CSA by social scientists large scale studies of sexual practices were conducted, these were known as the Kinsey studies. Findings showed that a number of actors had a sexual experience as a child with an adult, (Jeffery 2006). Even in the light of these and roughly some other studies, there remained widespread public and professional denial that CSA took place, Jeffery (2006).However this could be explained, Before the 1970s the referee sy base was not receptive to CSA children viewed as presumptively unreliable hard to assure abuse general climate of disbelief little or no training for police or prosecutors on how to investigate, recognize, and prove child abuse, (Bala 2006). The poseth of the womans movement was a turning foreshadow for CSA the role of women in society had shifted, women were now encouraged to speak out somewhat their experiences, as supposed to being discredited and having to suppress feelings.Sanderson (2002) argued that from this exchange of selective claimation and the sharing of experiences it became evident that CSA was a crude instead than an detached experience which many women had experienced. In the 1980s there was an increase in awareness and concern intimately sexual abuse of children, this was pompousnessed in the increase of describe incidents of child abuse. Professionals were now playing a more active role in protecting children from such abuse however this was later criticised, as they were seen as acting too quickly in removing children from their parents.In 1987, over 100 children were removed from their families on arrest Place of Safety Orders on the basis of a diagnosis of sexual abuse made by two paediatricians at a hospital in Middlesbrough, (Munro 2007, p. 21). Following the media outcry these events led to a public inquiry, famously known as The Cleveland inquiry. The message from the inquiry was that professionals n eeded to take a more legalistic onrush to collecting order, (Munro 2007, p. 21) Two years later, The Childrens Act 1989 was passed, although it was not implemented until 1990.The Children Act 1989 gave every child the right to protection from abuse and exploitation and the right to inquiries to safeguard their welfare, (Batty 2005). The introduction of the Childrens Act, allowed professionals to intervene in cases they suspected a child was likely to suffer from substantive harm. From the 1990s a number of laws and legislations were put in place to keep back and detect cases of CSA, and prosecute abusers. The Protection of Childrens Act was passed in 1999 it aimed to prevent paedophiles from working with Children, (Batty 2005).In 2003, The Sexual Offences Act was passed it criminalises all sexual occupation with a child under the age of 16, (The Crown Prosecution service 2012). In addition to the increase of laws introduced, CSA has triggered a major(ip) chemical reaction in th e media as a result CSA has received increasing public attention, (Ferguson 1997). Jeffery (2006) suggested that the increase in account incidents of CSA over the years is related to a better understanding of the signs and symptoms of abuse and better inter-agency working.Although there has been an increase in the number of reported incidents, CSA is still largely hidden and unreported, so it is difficult to get an hi-fi picture of the extent of antithetical forms of abuse, (London Child Protection Committee 2005). Pereda et al (2009) reviewed 65 studies from 22 distinguishable countries and concluded that the global prevalence of CSA is estimated at 19. 7 per cent for egg-producing(prenominal)s and 7. 9 per cent for men. The highest prevalence rate of CSA geographically was found in Africa with 34. 4 per cent.This was mainly callable to the high rate of abuse in South Africa. South Africa has many migrant workers due to overlook of job opportunities in their vicinity parent s leftfield their children alone for weeks to months with relatives or minders, while they travelled to distant places. This exposed the children to all sorts of abuse, especially sexual abuse, (Madu and Peltzer 2000). On the other hand, Europe displayed the lowest prevalence rate with 9. 2 per cent. However, even the lowest prevalence rate includes a large number of victims who need to be taken into account, (Wihbey 2011).Chapter Two 2. 0Methodology This dissertation was conducted to explore and critically examine the current literary productions on the long term effects of CSA, focusing on three specific domains social, emotional and behavioural. To begin with, I attended tutorials that primarily centre on how to write and social organisation a dissertation. With the knowledge gained I was able to compose my first stage proposal form, at this point I identify my dissertation topic, title, rationale and aim.I was then allocated a supervisor through one to one meetings and email s, I seek advice and guidance on the best approach that suited my dissertation topic. Targets and deadlines were also agreed upon as time management was essential. To aid my literary works search I also sought advice from the librarian at the University of West London. All Material used for this dissertation solely relied upon secondary data sources. Data was gathered from the University of West London and The British library. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo were used to search web resources.I initially began by using the phrase Long term effects of CSA however the results produced were broad, I decided to narrow my results by searching for the three domains individually, e. g. Behavioural effects of CSA in adulthood. I then read through the results provided, those that were significant to my enquiry I printed off. Reading the literature thoroughly, I highlighted relevant points, using different colour highlighters for each domain. Findings from this dissertation were sta geed using qualitative research.As CSA is a thin topic, it was important that the approach used suited the content of the dissertation. Qualitative research aims to describe and explain relationships, where quantitative research predicts casual relationships, (Family health international 2011). Presenting the data using qualitative research allowed me to explore the subject in great detail. Family health international (2011) states that qualitative research provides information about the human side of an issue giving the disposition of the dissertation I believed this design was the most appropriate. When athering information for the literature review, I primarily focused on literature published in the United Kingdom. However, the research presented was insufficient I therefore furthered my search to various countries. For this reason, this study will not be ground solely in the United Kingdom. The dissertation aimed to reflect both females and males experience of CSA. However, a considerable amount of literature gathered had used female participants. As Jehu (1991 cited in Forensic Psychology Practice 1999) highlighted, in regards to research and treatment literature, male survivors have been neglected.Jehu (1991 cited in Forensic Psychology Practice 1999) further explained, from a cultural perspective, there attends to be some societal reluctance to recognise boys as victims of abuse rather than willing participants in sexual encounters. As mainly female participants were used, it could be argued that the research is not a representative adjudicate of CSA survivors, this could possibly interfere with the studys validity. Validity is used to determine whether research measures what it intended to measure and to approximate the truthfulness of the results, (Tariq 2009).It is also possible that the gender specific sample could concede significant bias. As I am a survivor of CSA, it is important to acknowledge that my past experiences are likely to affec t how I interpret findings gathered from the research. This could cause possible issues surrounding bias, again modify the validity of the dissertation. Although material used for this research was based on secondary data sources, if I was to conduct primary research on my chosen topic, a number of ethical issues would have to be taken into consideration, due to the complex and sensitive nature of the subject.Firstly, I would need to ensure that full consent is gained from all participants as this protects the individuals from harm and protects the researchers from having their project deemed invalid or unethical, ( Helping Psychology 2009). It is also important, that I inform participants that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentially is other ethical issue that needs to be implemented when carrying out primary research. The assurance of confidentiality carries with it the implication that non-researchers cannot discover the respondents identity operator, (Jamison 2007).In this circumstance, confidentially is necessary as it is possible survivors taking part have not disclosed their abuse. Holmes (2004, p. 120) verbalise ensuring that transcripts do not include participants names was a way to protect participants confidentiality. According to Ghate and Spencer (1995, p. 79), the most important concern when undertaking such research is the after effects of the interview on the survivors, as it may trigger and painful memories. Thus it is essential that researchers carefully sleep ethical principles, so that collection of data can occur without harm to participants.Ghate and Spencer (1995, p. 79) suggested that post interviewing would be profitable for participants who might have found the interview stressful. Chapter Three 3. 0Literature Review According to Office of the United Nations gamy Commissioner for Human Rights, (2012) Article 1 the definition of a child is every human being infra the age of eighteen years unle ss, under the law applicable to the child, mass is attained earlier. Sexual abuse can be square upd as an umbrella term as existing definitions of childhood sexual abuse are diverse and cover a wide range of factors.Sexual abuse can occur in several forms, these include intercourse, attempted intercourse, oral genital contact, fondling of genitals forthwith or through clothing, exhibitionism or exposing children to adult sexual exercise or pornography, (Putnam 2003). For the purpose of this research, the undermentioned definition will be used CSA is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, (World Health Organisation 1999). . 1Factors contri unlessing to the impact of CSA CSA effects can vary from no apparent effects to very severe ones, such as depression and ego-injurious behaviours. The impact CSA can have on an i ndividual can differ according to a multiple of factors. Cited in Piper (2008, Ullman 2003) is in support of this view, he concluded that the degree of impact CSA has on a person varies, studies demonstrated the following influencing factors age of the child abuse, duration of the abuse, frequency of the abuse, relationship with the offender, severity of the ssault and reactions to disclosure. A number of researchers have established that the age at the blast of abuse is an important factor that can modulate the impact of CSA however researchers share contradicting views in regards to what age the abuse has the most impact on the survivor. Corby (1993 p. 123) supports the view that both the short and long term consequences of sexual abuse are less harmful in the younger children, because of the leave out of awareness of the social stigma attached to sexual abuse. Gomes-Schwartz (1990 p. 07) found that their 7 to 13 years age group experienced more adverse reaction than did childr en in their 4 to 6 years. In contrast, Living Well (2010) suggested earlier onset is linked to greater impact. Baker and Duncan (1985) found that majority of women reporting most perceived ill-effects were mistreated before the age of 10. Cited in Corby (1993 p. 123, Beitchman et al 1991) raised an important argument they suggested that age needs to be considered in conjunction with other variables. Studies have found a link among the duration of the abuse and the trauma of CSA.Barriere (2005 cited in Sanderson 2006) reported an ongoing sexual relationship with repeated contacts is generally more traumatic and usually produces more sexual abuse effects than a single contact. Browne and Finkelhor (1986 ) reviewed 11 studies and found that six confirmed the longer the duration of the abuse went on, the more traumatic was the effect on the victim. However, it must be addressed that there are many instances of one off abuses that can have a traumatic effect on victims this could be the case if the abuse is linked with furiousness, (Corby 1993, p. 24). If the abused knows their abuser, it is said that the impact of the abuse is much greater, than being abused by an unacquainted with(predicate) person. Barriere (2005, cited in Sanderson 2006) supports this view as she states the closer the emotional relationship, the greater the emotional trauma. A reason for the increase trauma could possibly be due to betrayal of trust. CSA can occur in multiple forms, from inquire or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities to behaviour involving penetration.The type of sexual activity the victim is exposed to can influence the impact of the abuse. Groth (1982, p. 129-144. ) has differentiated between the child rapist, who uses force, power, and threats in the sexual abuse, and the abusers who takes the more slow approach and lots with considerable affection. The effects on the child will be different. Nevertheless, it is important to stress the effects of any type of sexual abuse can cause considerable damage to the individual, (MacFarlane et al 1986, p. 10).When a child discloses their sexual abuse, it is important to remember the reaction can dedicate to how the child will cope from their sexual abuse experience, (Allnock 2010). Conte and Schuerman (1987) found that a supportive response was an important factor in reducing the extent of long term problems following sexual abuse. 3. 2Reasons for limited research Over the past years CSA has received much public attention however, majority of research has focused on the victims as children comparatively little work has been published on the long term consequences, (Cahill et al 1991).CSA researchers are faced with a number of challenges. The definition of CSA is a reason to why there is lack of research. As there is no universal definition researchers definitions can differ, and as a result depending on the definition used in the study findings can vary. The lack of research in the long term effects of CSA is also due to the difficulties in establishing casual connections between the abuse and the later affects years after the abuse. The greater the gap between the abuse event and the later behaviour the less play there is of casually linking the two because of the humankind of more intervening variables, (Corby, 1993 p107). Effects found in survivors are not always exclusive to the childhood sexual abuse and may reflect other underlying issues, (Sanderson 2002, p. 54). Conducting studies in sensitive areas such as CSA has been proven to be difficult therefore research in such fields may be limited.Willows (2009, p. 7) found People who have experienced abuse in childhood may be understandably reluctant to share their experiences, especially in a research setting. A study conducted on the ethical issues in research on sensitive topics noted that, participants who had experienced child abuse were more likely to report distress after alive(p) in research, due to remembe ring the past. However, researchers also found that these participants were more likely to report that participation was helpful, (Decker et al 2011). According to Sanderson (2002, p. 5) another difficulty in assessing the long term effects of childhood sexual abuse, is that through the repression of the trauma, or dissociation, survivors of such abuse may possibly not consciously remember the abuse experience. Therefore findings gathered from research could be effected, interfering with the validly and reliability of the study. Despite the difficulties in undertaking research in the long term consequences of CSA, a number of authors have made positive contributions to such a high profile topic, (Briere and Elliot 1994, Sanderson 2002, Hall and Hall 2011).Research has documented that CSA survivors are more flat to suffer from social, emotional and behavioural problems than non survivors difficulties include, however are not limited to, anxiety depression, guilt, difficulty with int erpersonal relationships, self-destructive behaviours and lowered self-esteem, (Piper 2008). It is important to be mindful that the effects and degree of such abuse varies from person to person. 3. 3Emotional There have been numerous studies examining the association between a history of CSA and emotional distress, (Sanderson 2002, Beitchman et al 1992, Mullen and Fleming 1999). Emotional effects most normally experienced by survivors of CSA focus on depression, problems of guilt, low self-esteem and anxiety, Sanderson (2002 p. 57). Amongst the kin of emotional distress, depression has been found to be the most usually reported symptom among survivors, and empirical findings support this view, (Cahill et al 1991). World Health Organisation (2012) provides a definition of depression Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, queasy sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration .Hall and Hall (2011) documented that survivors may have difficulty in externalizing the abuse, thus thinking disconfirmingly about themselves. Ratican (1992) furthered this view by describing the symptoms of survivors depression to feeling down, having suicidal ideation, disturbed sleeping and eating patterns. The onset of depression has been associated with CSA in numerous studies, cited in Briere and Elliott (1994). Lanktree et al (1991) reported that adults with a history of CSA may have as much as four-time greater chance of developing depression than do individuals with no such abuse history.Beitchman et al (1992) agrees that depression is a significant issue to survivors of CSA. Reviewing eight studies they were able to identify six of the eight identified association between CSA and depression. Similarly, Briere and Runtz (1985, cited in Cahill et al 1991) found a positive correlation, in their survey of undergraduate women, those who had been sexually abused as a child rep orted experiencing more depressive symptoms in the preceding 12 months compared to non-abused participants.Although there is thorough research to support the correlation between CSA and depression, a small percentage of researchers failed to find a significant difference. Hermans (1981 p. 56) found that the difference between participants from abused backgrounds and those from non-abused backgrounds proved to be statistically non-significant. His study demonstrated that 60 per cent of abused survivors reported depression, in relation to 55 per cent of the control group. In some cases, no connection was found Fromuth (1986) undertook research and no relationship were found between depression and CSA survivors.However, her sample consisted of women with the average age of 19. 4 years, whereas majority of the other studies involved older participants. This could possibly indicate that the onset of depression is more likely to develop in later adult life. Having anal retentiveysed my li terature, low self-esteem was another long term effect comm sole(prenominal) identified in CSA survivors. Robson (1988) defined self-esteem as the reek of contentment and self-acceptance that stems from a persons appraisal of his/her own worth, significance, attractiveness, competence and ability to satisfy aspirations.Studies have implicated CSA in lowering self-esteem in adults, (Mullen and Fleming 1999, Herman and Hirchman 1981,). Bagley and Ramsay (1986) documented a low self-esteem rate of 19 per cent with participants from a sexual abuse background in comparison to 5 per cent among the control group. Herman and Hirchman (1981 cited in Cahill 1991) study, they found that 60 per cent of abused victims reported predominantly negative self-image in relation to 10 per cent of their control group.Further evidence to support lowered self- esteem in sexually abused survivors is displayed in Jehu et al study (1985 cited in Sanderson 2002) using the Battle ego consider Questionnaire, they reported that 86 per cent of sexually abused women generated scores indicating low self-esteem. Romans et al (1996 cited in Mullen and Fleming 1999) agrees that low self- esteem is a significant issue to survivors of sexual abuse. The study showed a expel relationship between the two factors. From their findings, they noted that the impact of the abuse contributed to participants level of self- esteem.Those who reported the more intrusive forms of abuse, such as penetration, experienced lower levels of self-esteem. CSA is, by nature, threatening and disruptive, and may interfere with the survivors sense of security therefore it is likely that victims of such maltreatment are prone to chronic feelings of anxiety, (Briere and Elliot1994). Sedney and Brook (1984) found from their college sample, 59 per cent of those participants who had history of sexual abuse suffered from anxiety and skittishness in contrast with 29 per cent of those who had no history of abuse.Briere and Elli ot (1994) conducted further research and found that sexually abused adults became anxious in intimate or close relationships or frightened when interacting with authority figures, due to being exposed to sexual acts throu gh manipulation, coercion or power tactics upon a child who is not developmentally capable of understanding or consenting to such acts, (Walding 2002). It has been shown that survivors of CSA often take personal duty for the abuse this often translates into feelings of guilt, (Hall and Hall 2011).MacMillan Dictionary (2012) defines guilt as a feeling of being ashamed and sorry because you have done something wrong. Hall and Hall (2011) went on to report that survivors often denounce themselves and internalize negative messages about themselves. Tsai and Wanger (1978) reported the feeling of guilt could be accounted for by three important factors due to sexual abuse being a secret act, the abused feels such acts is shameful therefore should not be disclosed to oth ers. Secondly if during the abuse, if the abused experiences any physical or sexual pleasure, this causes them to feel guilty.The third factor is that the abused may feel guilty for not stopping the abuser by not disclosing the abuse and in some way allowed it to continue. Jehu et al (1985) provides clinical evidence to reflect Tsai and Wanger (1978) theory. In their study 82 per cent of survivors blamed themselves for the abuse this was mainly down to their feeling of guilt. 3. 4Emotional reciprocation Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and guilt were identified as the emotional long term effects most commonly displayed in CSA survivors.The four effects highlighted are all issues of identity, corporate trust and self-worth. In addition to sexual abuse, it is likely the survivor may have undergone emotional abuse from the abuser. This can also contribute to the survivors lack of identity and confidence, (Campling 1993). Mollon (2005, cited in Sanderson 2006) states an individual s cohesive sense of self and core identity is like the individuals psychological clothes, without which the individual is naked, exposed and vulnerable.As impair sense of self can lead to vulnerability, reoccurrence of abuse is possible thus the adult may come into contact with a social worker for example, rape or domestic violence. This would suggest that working with CSA survivors, social workers would not only need to have understanding of their signs and symptoms but the manner in which they are going to work with them. Social workers would need to carefully consider the most appropriate intervention when working with such service users as it is likely, survivors would be vulnerable.It is important for professionals not to impose their own views, but to empower survivors to define and build on their own sense of self, that is not dependent on external definitions, (Sanderson 2006). Depression and anxiety disorders are both mental health issues. This would need to be considered by the professional involved in the context of the intervention, as well as risk and safeguarding concerns. 3. 5Social The long-term effects of CSA may also pass away beyond victims themselves to impact survivors interpersonal relations with significant individuals in their lives, (Dilillo 2001). Research and clinical observations have long suggested that CSA is associated with both initial and long term alterations in social functioning, (Briere and Elliot 1994). Hall and Hall (2011) reported that symptoms correlated with childhood sexual abuse may hinder the development and growth of relationships therefore survivors may experience a variety of interpersonal effects. Mullen and Fleming (1999) state in circumstances when the survivors shared a close relationship with the abusers there impac t is likely to be more profound.Isolation is a social long term effect that survivors of CSA may suffer from. It has been observed that sexually abused children tend to be less socially compete nt and more socially withdrawn than no abused children, (Briere and Elliot 1994). This is echoed in Courtois (1979) study, findings showed that 73 per cent of sexually abused survivors expressed feelings of isolation and feelings of being different from others. Lew (1988 p. 54) reported that isolation in some cases was something that was learnt from the survivors hildhood experience. As a way of keeping the abuse a secret, isolation was often reinforced by the abuser. The lack of ability to trust in relationships has been identified in literature, and is considered a major and significant problem. Mullen and Fleming (1999) provided an explanation into why this might be the case, they verbalize fears of trust or establishing interpersonal boundaries could stem from the breach of trust and the exploration of vulnerability experienced in the abuse.From the findings gathered in her research, Alexander (1992) stated that the history of CSA was found to be related to insecure and disorga nised shackles in adult life. Sanderson (2002, p63) applied the view that the experience of CSA created a fear of intimacy amongst survivors. As a direct response there is a constant search for numerous transient relationships, in preference to stable and constant relationships. Jehu et al (1985) research reflects the work of Sanderson, 77 per cent of their survivors reported that it was dangerous to get close to anyone because they always betray, exploit or hurt you.A small amount of research has demonstrated that adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse experience greater parental challenges than mothers with no history of abuse, (Dilillo 2001). Cohen (1995) conducted numerous investigations and found differences between abused and non-abused mothers in relation to their parenting skills. Women who had been abused performed less well on the all seven scales on the Parenting Skills Inventory, particularly in areas that assed role support, communication and role image.Van Scoyk et al (1991) provided an explanation into why previously abused parents lack particular parenting skills. They reported these individuals may possibly have inadequate opportunity to observe and learn from healthy, effective parenting models. However, Coleman and Widom (2004 cited in Brick 2005) disagreed with literature found and stated a history of CSA does not necessarily entail that one will have interpersonal dysfunction. In their study, they found amongst those who were abused about 40 per cent of females and 60 per cent of males were in long term relationships.In addition 90 per cent of participants did not charge up infidelity with multiple partners. 3. 6Social Discussion Social workers must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users, (General Social Care Council, 2012). Research into the long term social effects has shown that, survivors of CSA could possibly have difficulties in building relationships. Therefore, this could have an impact on t he working relationship between the survivor and social worker.Trust is an essential factor in building an effective rapport with service users, (Crowther and Cowen 2011). Given the nature of the trauma, disruptions may arise in the survivors sense of safety and ability to trust. For that reason, it is important that social workers are equipped with an understanding of how to build and maintain the trust of survivors, as this may differ from working with service users with no history of abuse. Effective training in this area could possibly avoid issues that may sabotage the working relationship between the social worker and survivor.Therefore, more specialist knowledge would be advantageous. Furthermore, the power dynamics of the relationship may well have an impact on the rapport between the survivor and social worker. Fear of authority could influence the survivors perception of social workers. As abusers of CSA are often authority figures who exert their power, survivors may lear n to fear authoritative figures, (Croft 2008). The inability to grow and develop healthy relationships for some survivors could possibly raise safeguarding concerns.For example, such effect could perhaps interfere with the attachment between a parent and child, resulting to issues effecting parenting capacity. Dr John Bowlby, founder of the attachment theory believed the earliest bonds between a child and care-giver have a great impact on the child that continues throughout their life, (Cherry 2012). However, due to primordial experiences in their own childhood, parents may become over-protective in order to protect their child from experiencing the same traumas.conversely in some cases, this could promote the opposite behaviour and the parent become under-protective as it is difficult to display affection and closeness. In either circumstance the child may experience difficulty in achieving and meeting their full potential, due to impaired or inadequate relationships with the pare nt. Social workers along with other working professionals have the statutory duty to protect children who are at risk. This is in accordance to section 47 of the Childrens Act 1989, (Northamptonshire Local Safeguarding Children Board 2012).Parenting capacity is one of the three domains for The Framework for assessment of children and families and is essential in securing the best outcomes for the child, (Parker and Bradley 2003, p. 19). Disruptive attachment can cause issues with the childs emotional warmth, stimulation, guidance, boundaries and stability. 3. 7Behavioural According to Thompson (2012) it is possible that repressed or forgotten abuse may manifest itself in adult life by out-of-control behaviours which can lead to the abuse of self and/or others.According to research evidence, premature sexual experiences often have an influence on later sexual behaviour, (Herman 1981, Randolph and Mosack 2006, Wooden 2010). Randolph and Mosack (2006) quoted When early sexual experien ce is abusive, it can exert specific effects on subsequent sexual behaviours. Findings from their research found that, survivors of CSA engaged in risky sexual behaviour at higher rates than individuals who had not experienced such abuse, (Randolph and Mosack 2006).A number of studies furthered Randolph and Mosack findings and reported that risky sexual behaviour in adults previously abused was exhibited in many forms having many sexual partners, failing to use condoms during intercourse increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infections and having anal sex, (Batten et al, 2001, Wingood and DiClemente, 1997). Herman (1981, p. 84) research echoed these findings, within her sample of sexually abused survivors 35 per cent of the women had a repertoire of sexually styled behaviour, it was found they behaved in such manner for attention and1 affection.Wooden, (2010) provided an explanation as to why some adults with a history of CSA may participate in risky sexual behaviour. He stat ed that sexual abuse could result in the abused to disregard their own humanity therefore, perform sexual acts in a more promiscuous way. Rape and Sexual abuse centre (2011) provided their account of why survivors take part in such behaviours they stated that due to survivors childhood experience it was possible that they were incapable to separating sex from affection, which then leads to promiscuity or impaired arousal.Thompson (2012) also made a contribution and stated that sexual promiscuity was a way of the survivors taking control of their feelings. In contrast to the in a higher place findings, Fromuth (1983) found no significant difference between promiscuous behaviour and the previously abused women who participated in the research. Riley (2011, p. 127) stated that in some cases victims could take the opposite direction and avoid sex entirely. She stated that the abused may often refuse to take part in sexual activity to remain in control of their own body, unlike when the y were abused against their will as a child.Krahe et al (1999) found that female survivors of CSA were at risk of suffering from abuse in later life. Moore and Long (2002) suggested that abuse could occur in the form of adult sexual assault, physical abuse or psychological maltreatment. They also stated that a number of factors could increase a womans vulnerability towards abuse learned manipulative behaviour, beliefs and attitudes, low self-esteem and learned helplessness. Survivors of childhood sexual abuse may compulsively attach themselves to unsuitable partners, who frequently resemble their abuser, Sanderson (2002, p62). Russell (1986, p. 2) found that 65 per cent of participants from sexual abuse backgrounds were victims of subsequent or attempted rape, in comparison to 36 per cent of non-abused participants. In addition, her findings also displayed that an average of 43 per cent of women had been subjected to physical violence by husbands or partners compared with 18 per cen t of the control group. Bauserman and Davis (1996 cited in Randolph and Mosack 2006), concluded that the relationship between CSA and adult sexual behaviour may depend on whether the individuals viewed the early sexual experience in a positive or negative way.Research has highlighted another effect of childhood sexual abuse self-destructive behavior. Van der Kolk et al (1991) quoted childhood trauma such as sexual abuse contributes heavily to the basis of self-destructive behaviour. Erdmans and Black (2008) noted the different forms of self-destructive behaviour self-mutilation, alcohol abuse, eating disorders and in some cases suicide. Wonderlich et al (2001) believed that this behaviour is presented as a result to reduce emotional distress associated with their abuse.Hiebert-Murphy and Woytkiw, (2000) added self-destructive behaviour was a maladaptive coping strategy for managing negative- self direct feelings. The experience of being abused as a child may increase a persons risk for alcohol-related problems as an adult, (Windom 1993). Scher amp Twaite, (1999, cited in Lee et al 2008) explained survivors may turn to alcohol as a agency to block out psychological pain as they dissociate from their traumatic memories.Evidence to support this view can be seen in Langeland and Hartgers (1998) study they found a significantly higher prevalence of issues surrounding alcohol in abused women than in the non- abused women. A positive correlation was also identified in Peters (1984, cited in Sanderson 2006, P. 126) research, 17 per cent of participants subjected to sexual abuse during their childhood had symptoms of alcohol abuse, compared to 4 per cent of the control group. However, Fleming et al (1998) study displayed conflicting results.There was no relationship found between alcohol intake and a history of CSA. Fleming et al (1998) argued that, the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and the development of adult alcohol problems needed to be researched f urther, as there is a sufficient amount of evidence to suggest that CSA alone is not a causative factor in the development of alcohol abuse. eating disorders is another form of self-destructive behaviour. Research indicates a possible relationship between sexual abuse and the development of an eating disorder, (Myers 2005).Nelson and Hampson (2008) suggested a significant number of survivors have issues with food for a variety of reasons end to exercise control over their lives, self-hatred, reactions to oral assault, self -comfort in compulsive eating and in peak cases sometimes the eating disorder is adopted as a wish to die. Johnson et al (2002 cited in Sanci et al 2008), conducted a longitudinal study among 782 participants and found that CSA was a risk factor for eating disorders in early adulthood.Oppenheimer et al (1986) found that women with anorexia and bulimia also reported a high incidence of childhood sexual abuse. Sanci et al (2008) reported discrepant findings, as s ome studies found that CSA was no more prevalent in females that were not subjected to such abuse. Another form of self-destructive behaviour that could possibly manifest into adulthood as a result of CSA is self injurious behaviour (Briere and Elliot, 1994 and Mundy, 2010) Klonsky and Moyer (2008) defined self injurious behaviour as the causing of intentional, direct damage to ones body tissue without suicidal intent.Self injurious behaviour can be displayed in many forms such as cutting, burning or bruising, (Mundy 2010). Briere and Elliot, (1994) reported in their research, that self injurious behaviour is aimed to reduce the psychic tension associated with extremely negative guilt, intense depersonalization and feelings of helplessness. Similar to CSA, self injurious behaviour is often a source of discomposure and shame and grows in secrecy, (Mundy 2010). The pleasure gained from self injurious is not so much the inflicting of physical pain, but the cessation of emotional pain, Mundy 2010). Findings to support the view that individuals from a sexually abused background are likely to conduct self injurious behaviour can found in Gibson and Crenshaw (2010) research, a sample of individuals with self injurious behaviour took part in study and it was found that, 93 per cent of participants reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. The study also identified the more severe, the longer the duration of the abuse or the more frequent the abuse took place the greater the risk of engaging in self injurious behaviour during their adult life.Briere (1984) also provides findings to support this view it was found during his community study that 31 per cent of survivors expressed a desire to harm themselves, in comparison to 19 per cent of the non-survivors. 3. 8Behavioural Discussion The long term behavioural effects of CSA can raise safeguarding issues as such behaviours can cause significant harm to the survivor as well as the risk of others. Social work is a pro fession that works with a wide range of individuals in a number of different situations and settings. inebriant and Drugs are related to a number of issues involving social services. Goodman (2009, p. ) quoted clients will bring with them multiplicity of concerns relationship issues, financial problems, housing, risk of offending, health (physical and mental) and behaviour problems. For this reason, it is imperative that CSA knowledge is not limited to social workers in the child protection field. However, it should be extended across the board, as the long term effects of CSA can present themselves in different situations. Chapter Four 4. 0Discussion The primary aim of the dissertation was to gain an understanding of the long term effects of CSA in three different domains social, emotional and behavioural.A review of research suggest that although, there is existing evidence to indicate that survivors of CSA are likely to experience lasting effects in adulthood, findings are inco nsistent and further research is required. The inconsistency within the results across all domains, has led me to conclude that CSA is in fact a risk factor, rather than a sole cause of the long term effects. When reviewing the literature, a number of CSA authors were in disagreement of the association between CSA and the long term effects in the different domains. Sharland et al (1996, p. 5) states that evidence supporting the effects of child sexual abuse can not be viewed as reliable as most of the evidence has been anecdotal, or based on unrepresentative or small samples. For this reason, it is not always clear to what extent a given study has identified the rummy effects of CSA, (Briere and Elliot 1994). According to Ferguson (1997) a well designed and controlled study following the child victims of CSA into adulthood, would enable the effects of such abuse to be monitored and allow data on possible confounding variables to be hive away.Unfortunately not only will this be exp ensive but also time consuming, thus as previously discussed in the literature review it is important to note that undertaking research in sensitive topics such as CSA can be difficult, and as a result is likely to be restricted. With respect to the literature, patterns emerged in relation to the period the research was published. Majority of the CSA research was carried out in the late 1980s and 1990s. Although up-to-date statistics on the prevalence of CSA were referred to, current studies relating to the effects of CSA were limited.The sudden rise in research can be linked with the increased awareness and concern of CSA at the time. it was not until the 1980s that the existence of CSA, in particular, fully entered the public consciousness, (Pence and Wilson 1994). The lack of recent research may lead me to believe that society still views CSA as a taboo and unpalatable. It is also possible to propose that other types of sexual abuse have diverted the attention away from CSA. For example, sexual exploitation has recently received a great deal of public attention.In a recent report Barnardos (2012) stated that, child sexual exploitation has become a major child protection issue for communities across the UK. As a result of the increase of interest in the other forms of sexual abuse, CSA has been overlooked. The leading writers in the subject appear to be John Briere and David Finkelhor. Both authors published their research between the period of 1980 and 1990. I found that whilst crowd literature for my review I commonly came across both authors, also many other authors commonly referred to their work.Brieres focused his work on all forms of child abuse and how the abuse affects the survivors psychosocial functioning as an adult, (Goldstien 1992). Finkelhor is best known for his conceptual and empirical research on child sexual abuse this is reflected in his publications, (Durham 2006). The most common long term effect highlighted in the literature was depr ession. Research illustrates, of all the long term effects depression is the most frequently reported symptom amongst CSA survivors, (Briere and Elliot 1994, Sanderson 2002, Lanktree et al 1991).A plausible explanation to why depression is reported as the most frequent effect, can be due to the fact survivors are more likely to seek medical help for this effect in comparison to effects such as guilt or self-injurious behaviour. A number of survivors of CSA who run into their doctors are acutely distressed and depressed, (Mammen and Oisen 1996). Chapter Five 5. 0Conclusion/Recommendations The study demonstrates that the relationship between long term effects in the three domains emotional, social, behavioural and the history of CSA abuse is inclusive.Therefore, the inconsistency of findings suggests that CSA can be viewed as a risk factor as opposed to a cause for the wide range of long term effects amongst survivors of CSA. Despite the increase in research, further research is requ ired to enable a more in-depth understanding of the long term effects with a more representative sample of survivors. As literature gathered mainly focused on female survivors, results cannot be generalised. With the purpose of improving the quality of professionals intervention as well as relevant strategies being developed to support survivors.Having undertaken secondary research on the long term effects of CSA, I would recommend that social workers and related practitioners not just in the child protection field but across all sectors have more adequate training in identifying survivors of CSA to ensure they can provide the appropriate care, treatment, support, and also more awareness on effectively handling disclosures. The outcome of this could possibly increase the numbers of disclosures made and may also prevent survivors of CSA suffering in silence.Personally and professionally, I have successfully gained a better understanding on the journey a number of individuals may expe rience as a survivor of CSA. Although as a survivor of such abuse, prior to conducting the research I was conscious of some of the effects present however, was not fully aware of the severity and the significant implications such abuse had on not only the life of the survivor, but also on other significant individuals in their lives. I believe having such knowledge will have a positive impact on both my personal and professional development as a social worker.Before undertaking the research, I was always reluctant to speak about my experience of CSA I tended to repress my memories as a way of coping with the abuse. However, increasing my awareness on the topic I believe, has given me the confidence to feel comfortable within myself to openly disclose my past. The research has allowed me to understand that in fact, sexual abuse effects continue long after the abuse stops. I am now able to identify that many of my current issues stem from my history of abuse as a result a sense of sel f-blame has been removed.