Analysis of Bandura’s Cognitive Theory and Beck’s Cognitive Theory

The study of homophile doings or behaviourism focuses on attri stilles of humanity that be discernible, measurcapable and which croup be manipulated. The emphasis of appearanceism is on experimental rules and avoids attributes that ar subjective, internal or unavailable.The experimental method involves the manipulation of adept variable and measurement of its effect on an an some other(prenominal)(prenominal) variable. It is from the study of variable and effect that a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura found the cognitive guess (or favorable cognitive surmisal) (Bandura, 2006).Bandura for instance observed aggressive behavior in adolescents and opined that the aggressiveness is ca employ by the environment in which the adolescents grow. On the other hand, he as well as realized that behavior causes an environment as well.Thus, since behavior and environment are causes and effects of each other, Bandura referred to the concept as trilateral determinism (Bandura198 6). In short, Banduras supposition was based on the f execute that the universe and a mortals character (behavior) affect each other (Bandura, 1986).While it would appear that the environment was the cause of behavior and nature, Bandura also realized that temper is an interaction of a mortals mental responses in singing to the environment (Bandura, 2006).The psychological processes consist of the human beingnesss mogul to entertain different images and languages. Thus, the cognitive theory is built on deuce essential principles. The first one is a framework for explaining how different personalities function, whereas the other one speakes the type of variables (that is the elements of abbreviation) on which the personality theory should be centred (Bandura, 2006).In synopsis of the influence of multiplicative inverse determinism, Bandura categorically uses the word determinism to imply the fount in which effects are produced by events (Bandura, 2006). However, this opinion does non mean that a human beings actions arise from straightforward and predictable imprisonment of cause and consequence.Rather, it implies that events produce effects by chance. As a result, the luck or chance of an event producing an effect is emphasized in Banduras cognitive theory (Bandura, 2006). Perhaps the most significant aspect of Banduras theory is the way in which the theory treats behavior.Unlike many other suppositious frameworks, this theory has equal action on both the input of the personality and the output of personality (Bandura, 1986). In essence, Banduras opinion is that a persons actions and the resultant effects shape the persons aptitude, feelings and tactual sensation in one self (Bandura, 2006).For example, many behaviorist theories depict work curiosity in self-process because the theorists assume that human functioning is caused by international stimulus rather than the internal stimulus which is only considered as infection rather than ca using behavior (Bandura, 1986).This paper critically evaluates the nonable features of Banduras cognitive theory and discusses in detail the viewpoint of the Bandura at the meter of plaster bandageulation of the theory and the theorys subsequent modification.The paper pass on also appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the theory based on the discussion. Analysis of the prominent features of Banduras cognitive theory The most notable feature of Banduras kind cognitive theory is the concept of reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1986).Reciprocal determinism is a phenomenon that implies the causes and effects of different actions on behavior and environment and how they affect each other. Thus, Banduras theory was based on the point that personal figures in the wreak of recognition, biological events and affect, behavior and environmental factors create interfaces that result in a triadic reciprocality as illustrated in Figure 1. Bandura modified the label of his theory from t he common perspective of social learning to social cognitive in order to distance it from the common social learning theories of his time (Bandura, 1986).He also wanted to dumbfound emphasis on the idea that cognition plays a significant role in pluralitys potential to bring about reality, regulate their personality, encode information and display other kinds of behavior. According to Bandura (1971), the reciprocal form of the determinants of individual human functioning in social cognitive theory enables services such(prenominal) as therapeutic and counseling efforts to be rendered with focus on personal environment or behavioral factors as illustrated in the diagram above.Based on this, strategies to improve a persons well-being can be aimed at ameliorating the emotional, cognitive and motivational process of the human being (Bandura, 1986). The focus can also be on improving behavioral capabilities or changing the communal conditions low which people live and work.As an exam ple, teachers in schools stand a role to not only improve their students academic learning and confidence, but also encourage their (students) self-beliefs and habits of thinking. Hence, teachers and students have to embrace all the components of Banduras triadic expression of cognitive theory.As antecedent mentioned, Banduras social cognitive theory marks itself aside from other theories that everywhereemphasize the role played by environmental factors in the development of human behavior (Bandura, 1986 Bandura, 2006).These theories are often dismissed since they have the redundant factor of cause and effect that is unworthy in the context of evaluating the psychological aspect of human beings. Thus according to Bandura, psychology per se without a pee self-examination cannot purport to explain the complexities of human intricacies of human functioning.Bandura (1986) further tell it is by evaluating their birth conscious minds that people discern their own psychological pr ocesses. Therefore, in order to predict how the human behavior is affected by environmental outcomes, it is imperative that the individuals cognitive process and how he or she interprets the outcomes be understood.Personal determinants An primal factor in addressing how a person interprets the outcomes is recognition of the personal determinants. This is affected by the choice of variables to be used in the evaluation process.Banduras choice for such variable depicts what whitethorn be the most explicitive aspect of human spirit, that is, people have abilities to adapt to different environments (Bandura, 1986). For instance, people are able to live in a variety of physical environments such as deserts, rainforests, Polar Regions and so on.They are also able to live and engage in a variety of social environments such as nomadic systems, diverse spiritual beliefs, different socio economic and socio cultural activities and so on. People also designate a variety of whimsical capab ilities that cannot be attributed to the occurrence of evolution over time (Bandura, 1971).In fact, the list of human beings unique capabilities relative to animals cannot be worn down in a single book. Hence, in order to perform an abstract of psychological functioning, one must specify the psychological mechanisms that facilitate the unique capabilities. Banduras (1986) theory has a focal point on the cognitive methods that enable people to learn about the world around them (environment) and also about themselves, and use the knowledge gained to control their behavior and mental experiences.In particular, Bandura (1986) enlisted quintuplet basic capabilities that facilitate the learning process, as depict below. Symbolizing potential implies the efficacy of people to represent their knowledge typically. The most common symbolic representation or conveyance of messages is language (Bandura, 1971). The readiness to use symbols in terms of language is perhaps the most fundame ntal mental ability in human beings as it serves as a leeway for the other capabilities.Vicarious ability is the ability to acquire skills, knowledge and other emotional tendencies through rumination or a similar approach (Bandura, 1971). Banduras (2006) assiduous compendium of vicarious processes that are involved in acquiring skills makes the cognitive theory not only realistic but also unusually sluttish to comprehend and interpret. In addition, it clears most of the issues that are usually overlooked by psychological theories such how people acquire knowledge and skills that enable them to act efficiently.According to Bandura (1997), vicarious capability enables people to keep away from risky or costly undertakings that could lead to fatal outcomes. This is because the people ideally have a sand of experience by observing their own characters relative to the characters or behavior of others.Bandura (1986) referred to the ability to anticipate future contingencies as the fo rethought capability of human beings. Forethought capability is vital for both emotional and motivational perspectives of life.For instance, contrary to popular belief, psychological distress arises from peoples anticipated dreadful experiences and not the present or actual experiences. It is because of the ability to derive alternative approaches that one can foresee the consequences of an action without actually being involved in it.According to Bandura (1986), the fourth unique human capability is the self-regulatory capability. This is the capacity of an individual to set goals. In addition, this capability allows individuals to evaluate their performance in relation to their own (internal) standards of performance.Bandura (1986) further noted that the ability of people to evaluate their self-concept, esteem and set enables them have a sense of self-direction and ability to lead life without much reliance on others. Much similar to the above capability is the self-reflective ca pability.According to Bandura (1997), this is the capacity of human beings to have personal thoughts. In this context, personal reflections lay a course for action and formulation of ideas by individuals based on self-efficacy. The aforementioned capabilities do not work in isolation but in concert.In particular, according to Bandura (1997), the aspects of self-reflection, self-regulation and forethought act in synergy to form a self-system, which comprises the framework of personality. Furthermore, people are able to control their emotions and social lives by integrating the constituents of the self-system (Bandura, 1986).Self-reflection in particular is distinctly human and forms a prominent feature of the social cognitive theory. Through self-reflection, individuals derive sense from their experiences and embrace their cognitions and self-beliefs.Consequently, they are able to engage in self-evaluation and are able to shift their thinking and behavior accordingly (Bandura, 1986). Self-efficacy When the capabilities so far described are integrated effectively, the self-system acquires a state of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997).Perceived self-efficacy refers to peoples ability to evaluate their own efficiencies in solving problems and attaining certain levels of performance (Bandura, 1997). The relevancy of perceived self-efficacy to the social cognitive theory postulated by Bandura is that self-efficacy judgments have a pervasive role in human affairs.In the scope of both achievements and social relationships, peoples stances are calculated by how effectively (and wisely) they can make decisions and how efficiently they can act in fulfilling the decisions taken. From the above perspective, it is discernible that evaluation between an individuals skills and the requirements of the environment is pertinent in determining the courses of action that are viewed as being the determinants of ones personality. Efficacy beliefs are vital in that not only do they act on overt behavior but they also address the internal psychological affairs of individuals.This is an important aspect of the social cognition theory with respect to the triadic scheme. This is because an individuals personality is judged from acts that are do both overtly and covertly. In view of Banduras (1997) ideas, people with ample perceptions of their efficacy envisage more positive futures, experience less bother emotions, and are capable of planning for their life programs more effectively. In addition, such people are able to deal with demanding tasks more efficiently than people who have lower opinion of their efficacy. How personal determinants relate with individual losss and dispositionsWith author to Bandura (1999), the basic capacities of the social cognitive theory are dissimilar in three ways from the units of measurement employed in the character-related theories of personality. To begin with, the capabilities are not single variable differences with reference to personality.For instance, Bandura (1999) accentuated that a single-difference analysis may hinder the realization of other vital capabilities possess by an individual. such an instance would occur if the ability in an individual is rare and is whence not detected as an important factor in analysis (Bandura, 1999).As is common with many forms of analysis, there is usually an investigation for a down(p) number of primary units of variation, or for capabilities that are common but possessed to uniformly high level by many individuals.The fact that more or less everyone possesses a unique capability (for example the ability to use symbols of the ability to be self-reflective and selfconscious) does not necessarily make the capabilities less important in the context of the functioning of personality. These capabilities are still important in spite of the fact that they may not be identified as the primary dimensions of individual dissimilarity.The second difference in the contex t of the capabilities in the social cognitive theory is related to average tendencies. For instance, Banduras (1999) household of cognitive capabilities does not just mention the average tendencies.Rather, Bandura opines that self-reflection and self-regulation contribute to both constancy and variability of actions among individuals. Along this line, it is important to note that peoples goals, choices and cognitive abilities are displayed in the manner in which they act and insure different circumstances that they come across in their lives.This point is of importance in describing an individuals personality (Bandura, 1999). It implies that dispositional characteristics per se cannot suffice the description of personality as they refer to the average tendencies in behavior and are devoid of reference to particular individuals (Bandura, 1999).In addition, a single individuals social cognitive may not contribute significantly to the distinct patterns of behavior that are not in l ine with the contemporary descriptive characteristics that are used in the analysis of standard individual difference categories.The third point is that the social cognitive theorys explanation of personality and the role personality factors play in contribution to social behavior is significantly different from the dispositional approach. The social cognitive theory does not view dispositional tendencies as personality structures. Instead, the theory realizes personality structures as consisting of cognitive and affective systems, which contribute to the patterns of individuals behavior in a much unaffixed way. These, according to Bandura (1999), are the dispositional tendencies.In this context therefore, dispositions are effects and not causes. Bandura strange the proponents of personality description based on behavior as being mistaken since the aspects of behavioral description locate the personality structure in the wrong place (Bandura, 1999, p 200).Therefore, the Banduras social cognitive theory views the standard dispositional units of personality description as being inadequate to fully describe an individual or to explain his or her personality functioning. Strengths and weaknesses of the theoryAs discussed, Banduras theory has many points of strength, notable of which being that it describes the relationship between behavior and the environment. In addition, the theory gives a clear picture of how behaviors are intentional and developed.On the other hand, it is evident that the theory puts too much emphasis on what happens to people rather than what the people do. Along the same line, the theory does not address consistent differences among individuals as they go through different developmental stages. a

Importance of Marketing Essay

trade helps guide pedigreees in making strategical endings by not trashing growth opportunities and developing creative ways to approach those opportunities. by dint of successful merchandise, a argumentation result conduct extensive search, strategize and plan, strike out the increase, conduct political machinere quaternity development, train the sales force, establish points of purchase, usage earth relations, and follow-up with wide-cut client inspection and repair. martplace is the activity of a c atomic number 18 memorial t fittedt that identifies customers, markets, as salubrious as market ingredients and develops harvest-tides or operate to meet the bears of the customers by offering judge of a proceeds or service in exchange for profits and revenues for the blood phone line. In brief, trade informs, educates, and persuades and it is paramount to the achievement of business success2.INTRODUCTION2.1. Background selling pile be exposit as a dvertising a crossway. merchandise occurs when a familiarity is laborious to persuade costumers to buy the product that they produce over an sensitive(prenominal) comp boths product. Marketing includes intensive research so that the lodge provoke get an outlook at what is the current trend in the marketplace. The task is that merchandise in theory contains these following activities as well as kn stimulate as the 4-Ps which be developing the product, pricing the product, promoting the product and deciding what people to stag the product. 2.2. Purpose of the reportThis report aims to give basics of merchandise comcept that is the nigh life-sustaining fact in business life for success. This report entrust ramify why merchandise has become so chief(prenominal) in business life. 2.3. Statement of the lineAn organization deposenot be successful unless the organization is revengeing its customers inevitably. This is because a product lotnot simply be produced and e xpected to be sold. Although the idea for most is to pretend a product or service that sells itself, the product or service mustiness(prenominal) produce some consumer satisfaction to be equal to(p) to sell itself. In order for there to be consumer satisfaction, economic inferior must be derived from the product or service3.METHODOLOGYInformation has been gather by research of websites, journals and books as well as own recital and ideas on how marketing is seen important in contri saveing to the profitability of any come with. 4. FINDINGS4.1. What is marketing?Marketing is a truly general term that has no specific definition to it. However, it is best described as A kind and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and place with others (Kotler, Brown, spell and Armstrong, 2004). It is an understanding of how the company works with its consumers and how it generates in the society. Mark eting is seen to be the process of bringing in the businesses. It is not seen to be an alternative, further a necessity (Forsyth, 2004). Many people consider marketing as a tactic.However it is more than just a tactic. Marketing is analysis. agree to Allen Weiss (2002), marketing is the analysis of customers, competitors, and a company by incorporating the understanding of belligerent analysis and company capabilities into a general understanding of what the existing segments are. 4.2. strike of MarketingMarketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. Marketing can be be as the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distri entirelyion of ideas, goods, and serve to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. (Kotler, 2004)According to the American Marketing tie defines marketing as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and featureing value to customers and for managing customer consanguinitys in ways that benefit the organization and its stake holders. (Kotler, 2004)According to the Marketing Principals book marketing can be be as an organizational philosophy has been based on the marketing concept. This concept represents of three coordinated principles such asAn organizations basic purpose is to satisfy customer needs. Satisfying customer needs requires integrated and coordinated efforts passim the organization.Organizations should focus on long-term success.Based on these definitions, explain the enormousness of marketing in organizational success. Marketing is important in an organization success. Marketing is a broad topic that covers a range of aspects, including advertising, unrestricted relations, sales, and promotions. Marketing is important because it creates the core for the company. Marketing helps provide a service for the customer. Making the customer happy is the goal of the company. If a company does not know what the client wants the company bequeath not survive. The strategy in which the company uses is important to the company success. Marketing is the key for an organization to succeed. First, marketers create a need in the mind of consumers. If they do not possess a need for the product, they wont buy it. Then they shit to come up with a product which will delight the consumers, and write them coming back again and again. This is needed to build a long-term relationship with consumers.If marketing gets them to purchase the product once, this would be a good outcome, and marketing should work to make them into lifelong loyal customers. A company is coming out with a untried produce which will revolutionize the building indus fork up. It makes building homes effortless. Sales of the product are visit than predicted. Research has found that many people are unaware of the product. champion and only(a) has made an idea to energise a campaign marketing the benefits of the new pr oduct. Customers began to realize that there was a great need for the product which was world advertised. So, the customers began to purchase the product. No awareness is equated to any sales. (Personal communication, November 04, 2007)An established tarnish of toothpaste is beholding its sales drop. No one can understand why. The product has been used for years however, the company has done little advertising in the past few years because the product was so well established.in one case a new ad campaign hit the waves, sales increase once more. Why? comfortably customers forget about products if they are not reminded. To maintain long-term customers, they need to be continues reminded of the product and they need to mobilise how frequently the product delights them, and how well the product performs. But re-establishing advertising, one must reenforce the communication link with customers. (Personal communication, November 04, 2007)A person is looking to buy a luxury car. The y have the money, and one has the knowledge about the many competitors. What ratiocination should the guy make? The guy ends up buying a car with the company that has the best customer relations. They buy it at the place where they are treated with respect and class, where they feel involved in all(prenominal) bill of the journey, where they know they made the right decision. After they buy the car, their relationship with the company does not end there the customer can join clubs, see to it financial seminars, attend wine and cheese events. All things build customer relationships which are strong and make the consumer happy.And the next time the consumer is in the market for a new car, they wont shop around they will return to the same dealership. (Personal communication, November 04, 2007)Marketing is more than just a company exhausting to sell the product. Marketing involves a great deal of research. Marketing also includes developing the product, pricing the product, promo ting the product and deciding what people to sell the product. wizard has to be able to understand marketing so that it can be used in real life situations. 4.3. Why Marketing is valuableMarketing attention is accomplished by carrying out marketing research, planning, implementation, and delay (Kotler, 2004). Marketing plays a major(ip) role in every business. It is very important as it contributes to the profitability of the company itself. Relationship marketing involves creating, maintaining and enhancing strong, value-laden relationship with customers and other stakeholders.They must build strong economic and social ties by promising and consistently delivering high quality products, good service and bring together prices, (Kotler, Brown, spell and Armstrong, 2004). Furthermore, when both customers and producers are mutually beneficial from this relationship, profitable transactions will follow. Knowledge of marketing strategy and market research is polar in order to exc el in marketing. 4.3.1 Five key factors to an in effect(p) marketingForsyth (2004) stated five factors which summarizes the impressiveness of marketing. a)Customer oriented. Company needs to focus on the wants and demands of the consumers. Profits come only after the consumers are satisfied. b)Continuously deployed. Marketing must be ready all the time as the company operates. c)Effective coordination. Marketing must logically co-ordinate its activities with the involvement of other departments and senior management team. d)Creativeness.Creativeness is needed during competitive times. By adding creativeness, marketing will be stronger. e)Underpinning culture. What makes marketing possible is not only depended on the people in marketing, but also the contributions from professional staffs in other departments are thusly needed (Forsyth, 2004). 4.3.2 Market ResearchMarketing Research is the function that link up the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through informatio ninformation used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions monitor marketing execution and improve understanding of marketing as a process (Kotler, Brown, ex and Armstrong, 2004). By 1957 as markets moved from seller to buyer, new ideas of marketing were fetching hold. Companies began to grasp the wideness of understanding what the consumers rightfully wanted it could no interminable be assumed to be the same as it always had, (Valentine & Gordon, 2000)Marketing research is basically the function that connects the consumer, customer and public to the marketer through information. there are four steps of market research. The first step is shaping the problem this is the hardest step of market research. If an inexperience manager define the problem wrongly, the whole market research will be affected consequently the information will be inappropriate. Once, the problem has defined, the manager should determine , the research objectives which may fall in the three categories such as exploratory, descriptive or casual research. The second step is designing the research which will consist of determining what information should be gathered and how data will be collected. In this case, the data can be primary data show or secondary data collection. The third step is implementing the plan which usually can be done by the internal staff or external firm. After the plan has implemented, the raw data will be prepared in order to get the information.The last step is interlingual rendition the data the researches will need to present the overall information to the marketing manager to be carried out to the next marketing process. 4.3.3 Marketing EnvironmentIt is important to determine the environment that the company is working in. The marketing environment refers to the actors and forces extraneous the marketing managements skills to cultivate as well as maintain successful transactions with t argeted customers (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). Certain environmental complications and issues can severely affect the profitability of the company. Environmental complications and issues include the breakdown of frugality (local economy and international economy), inflation, boom, trend, customers dissatisfaction and others. The company should be able to adapt to such changes of the environment, or else the companys profit will significantly decrease. This would affect the companys growth as well as driving off loyal customers.4.3.3.1 The micro-environmentIt could simply be defined as the forces nearest to the company, which affect the companys capability of table service its customers. Certain types of micro-environments that the company needs to take notice of are, for example, other departments, major suppliers, marketing representatives, customers and competitors (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). Most of these environments can be controlled by the compan y itself. 4.3.3.2 The Macro-environmentThe macro-environment consists of the larger societal forces that affect the whole micro-environment demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural forces, (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). Most of these cannot be controlled by the company. 4.3.4 Marketing Segmenting, Targeting, PositioningMarket class is the act of grouping customers in markets with some heterogeneity into smaller, more same or homogeneous segments (Dibb and Simkin, 2001).There are four variables that the business can choose to segment their markets geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. The business can choose to segment in one variable or a combination surrounded by two or three variables. However, in order to achieve an effective segmentation, the business should have the characteristic of measurability, accessibility, and substantiality and action ability. The next step, the business has to decide on which marke t segment they should target on, which classified of consistent marketing, differentiated marketing or concentrated marketing. Once a business has decided which segments of the market it will enter, they must decide which positions they want to work in those segments. Product position means the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes the place product occupies in consumers minds congenator to competing product (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004).They can position their products according to specific product attributes, benefits, users occasions, certain classes of users, against a competitor, away from competitor and product classes. In brief, by dividing market into a group of consumers who have a similar needs and wants, the business can achieve consumers satisfaction easier rather than if they concentrate on broadly market. Hence, when the business can satisfy the consumers, the consumers will develop a disgrace committedness. Customers cant ful ly give loyalty until they swear a company genuinely cares about them and cares about their needs (Hein, 2004). Moreover, as leaf blade loyalty has formed, the business will be able to receive a profit, which should be supported with accurate product positioning. 4.3.5 Marketing MixMarketing combine is a set of controllable marketing variables that the company combines to produce the feedback it wants in the targeted market (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004).Marketing mix consists of 4Ps Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Product is defined as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004).In order to produce a product, a business has to relate about the level of product core, actual and augmented product. The core product is the problem solving services or core benefits that the consumers are really buying when they obtained the product (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). Actual product is products part, styling, features, provoker name, packaging a d other attributes that combine to deliver core product benefits (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). Whereas the augmented product is additional consumer services and benefits build around the core and actual products (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). The second element of marketing mix is price.Price is the amount of money charged for a product or the sum of value consumers exchange for the benefits of having or use a product (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). There two factors that the business should fool before set up the price internal and external factors. Then, they can choose which type of pricing that suit the product cost-plus, value-based, competitive or relationship-based pricing. The third element is Place, which is defined as making products available in the right quantities and locations when customers want them (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). It includes physical distributions, inventory, location, transport, and channels. Intermediaries (marketing channel) are the one which give the product from the producer to consumer.The last element is Promotion. It simply means the transmission merits of the products and persuading target consumers to buy them. At the start of the products lifecycle, promotion is necessary so that potential customers know of the existence of the product. Once the product grows, promotion must become more persuasive and encourage consumers to make a purchase. 4.3.6 ImplementationMarketing implementing is to try the plans into actions. For the successful marketing implementation, company has to blend these elements action plans, organization structure, decision and reward system, human resources and company culture into a cohesive program that supports its strategies (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004). 4.3.7 ControllingMarketing control referred as the process of measur ing and evaluating the results of marketing strategies and plans, and winning corrective action to ensure that marketing objectives are attained (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004).The manager should control the marketing implementation by setting a goal , measure and evaluate the performance and also correcting the error of implementation. 4.4. Marketing and brandingProduct is the core of marketing, which including tangible goods like aliment or drinks or impalpable services, as it is the major way to embody customers requirements and, blemishing is straight off associated with it. In fact, branding is all about decisio ns of products, like brand names or trademarks. Stork (2007) asserted that a brand is a unique business identicalness which represents the personality, quality or origin of products.And, such a product which added value by branding would appear in every activity of marketing, namely, branding is actually react on the whole marketing system directly and indirectly. In addition, Stork (2007) also argued that branding is the process of creating distinctive and durable perceptions in the minds of consumers. This is significant, as it accords with the objective of marketing, and it is the first step to attract customers. By secernate with those basic branding factors, brand loyalty is more multiform but significant. Attracting customers is not enough, organizations demand loyalty of customers to brands to make them competitive among others.Therefore, based on the analysis of theories above, branding and brand loyalty is vital to successful marketing, but there are still many other factors could affect their importance within the dynamic environment, like the different industry will have different types of marketing and branding. Subsequently, the further and deeper investigation will be conducted with examples of arrant(a) Atlantic Airway, which is a super brand in air hose industry. Virtually, visualise Council of UK (2007) defi ned that the flight path industry is difficult to operate. Fixed be are high, demand can fluctuate quite dramatically and shortages of key airdrome infrastructure all make it difficult for airlines to operate profitably. Relatively, the marketing for airline industry is not easy as well the promotion or pricing would be totally different to other industries like food or drink, because its products are distinctive. However, staring(a) Atlantic is doing quite well in general, it is famous on its branding and its services and it did won many rewards on that, like it came out on top in a consumer suss out of travel brands in 2006. (Business Source Premier, 2006)As discussed before, a brand is a unique business identity, and a well managed one would be the plus of an organization, and the marketing and financial value associated with its strength in a market is so-called brand virtue. (Dibb et al, 2001) According to Dibb et al (2001), there are four main elements underlie the bran d equity, which are brand name awareness, brand loyalty, perceived brand quality and brand associations. It is good for customers to know the brand names of products which they do or do not like, thereby, they can secernate and purchase products that satisfy their needs simply. Otherwise, the product selection would be complicated or even wrongly selection. At the same time, it is clear that brand name awareness is the very first step for sellers, which would cause familiarity and a unique brand name or logo may reinforce the familiarity to be memorable, which will strongly remain custom ers to come again. repayable to that, organizations should promote their brand names or logos as much as possible within this stage, to gain awareness of their brands from customers. For example, one of marketing techniques of Virgin Atlantic is to advertising activity in the UK includes TV, press, magazines, outdoor posters and hacker sides, all featuring their distinctive logo. Advertising is u sed to encourage people to try the airline, to raise awareness of new product developments and new routes. (Virgin Atlantic, 2007)The perceived brand quality means certain perception of customers over the brand quality. This descriptor of perception mainly depends on consumers using experiences or the way organizations branded. Well marketed brands would become the indicators of quality or choice making for consumers as they have less or no ideas about the quality of certain goods in some case. As branded of its services, Virgin Atlantic is giving their customers what they want, by offering limousine services, full meal catering, multi-class services, and enjoyment consoles on every seat-back. (Stealing Share, 2006)Thus, the perceived brand quality of Virgin aircrafts is quite high customers belike would consider it firstly or secondly while they are choosing an airline that is good at customer services. Thirdly, the brand would be more enthralling and memorable if it associated with certain lifestyle or other characteristics. Virgin is one of the best choices for illustrating this point. As one of extended brands of Virgin Group, Virgin Atlantic is absolutely under the organizational culture as well, which characterized by Richard Branson, the crumple of the company. Virgins brand values are really Branson style, which are innovative, competitive challenge, fun and so on and this also embodies in Virgin Atlantic. For instance, Virgins design teams always working on challenging new technologies or services, like the design of its upper class suite. (Design Council, 2007) Or, the entertainment consoles on every seat-back shows their focus on providing fun to customers.Like other three elements discussed above, brand loyalty is also valued to brand equity thanks to its function. Dibb et al (2001) defined that brand loyalty is a strongly motivated and long standing decision to purchase a particular product or service. Once customers loyal to one specific p roduct, the market contend of that product for the company would be relatively stable, allowing the company to use its resources more effectively or obtain premium prices. In line with what discussed before, organizations could be competitive with a relative stable market share among their competitors through brand loyalty, and meanwhile companies can diminish certain costs like the cost of attracting new customers. Moreover, brand loyalty has three degrees that are recognition, preference and insistence.The recognition is just alike as awareness of brand name customers realize that brand is an alternative to purchase. Brand preference is stronger than recognition, as customers is showing certainly prefers on one brand over others, but they would accept substitutes wh ile the brand is not available. The last degree is the strongest one as consumers would insistent on the particular brand and will accept no substitutes. (Dibb et al, 2001) Though, it is less to happen due to various reasons, like in the airline industry, it is difficult for customers to insistent on one brand thanks to demarcation of airline routes and destinations.5. CONCLUSIONMarketing is a unique and vast playing field of business. All the success of a business depends on a successful marketing campaign. There is also much more to marketing than what is discussed here. peerless fundamental of any marketing program is that it work toward meeting the wants and needs of customers in the target area. Trying to force feed a product or service to an unwanting public is seldom successful and is very expensive. Which is why it is very important to research and develop all new marketing ideas so that they fit the product being offered. Do you sell ice cold lemonade on a freezing winter day? A better suggestion would be hot chocolate. However, innovation and new marketing techniques can be offered where you can do both at their single seasons. Its all about marketing.The challenges and obstacles i nvolved with corporate longevity are face and championed through marketing and its strategies. Important aspects of marketing are the acquisition of new clients, branding, and influencing behaviors that encourage sales. Each of these categories promotes business expansion and prosperity. Each organization has their own recipe for marketing and succes.6. REFERENCESDibb, Simkin, Pride, Ferrell (2001), MarketingConcepts and Strategies, Houghton Mifflin CompanyEleven lessons Managing design in eleven globular brands (Virgin Atlantic), (2007), In Design Council online. Available from http//www.designcouncil.org.uk/en/About-Design/managingdesign/Design-at-Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Virgin-Atlantic-case-study-designing-the-upper-class-suite/Marcia Yudkin, Head Stork (2005-2007), the Benefits of Branding, In send for At Last online. Available from http//www.namedatlast.com/branding3.htmStealing Share (10/10/2006), Global Branding Virgin Atlantic gets it Right, In Stealing ShareBeyond hypot hesis online. Available from http//www.stealingshare.com/content/1160504877375.htmVirgin Atlantic (2007), Student Information PackMarketing, In Virgin Atlantic Website online. Available from http//www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jspmarketingVirgin tops loyalty league (2006), Travel Weekly The Choice of Travel Professionals (00494577), 00494577, 2006, Issue 1806 online, In Business Source Primer online. Available from http//web.ebscohost.com.chain.kent.ac.uk/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=102&sid=a0e44807-1ff0-44bf-bf32-80e054ac90da%40sessionmgr104Forsyth, P (2004) Marketing is a must, IEE Engineering ManagementKotler, P., Adam, S., Armstrong, G.,

Marriage, Divorce, and Military Families

Running school principal Marriage, disassociate, and phalanx Families Marriage, divorcement, and Military Families Marriage is a conduit through and through which Gods grace flows to the pair off and their children. The church understands union mingled with a man and woman to be a sacrament, a visible sign of the grace that God gives them to dish up them live their lives here and now so as to be adapted to join him in eternity. Marriage is social as well as religious, but its religious aspects are real important. The Bible repeatedly compares the alliance between man and wife to that between God and Israel or between Christ and his Church.For marriage is a holy vocation. Since the Church sees marriage as holy, it believes it must(prenominal) be treated with reverence. It also recognizes that marriage is basic to the wellness of society and on that pointfore a public institution that must be defended once against harm. Marriage is a public institution. Consequently, p roposals that could harm the institution of marriage must be subjected to the like sort of objective compendium that we give all(prenominal) public policy drumhead. Marriage is non just a mystical matter of emotion between two pot. On the contrary, its success or failure has measurable impact on all of society.Rational analysis yields solid, objective reasons for limiting marriage to angiotensin-converting enzyme man and star woman-reason anyone go off agree with on purely secular grounds (Zinn, B. M. , D. Eitzen, S. , Wells, B. , 2008). However, one of the d withstandsides to redefining marriage would be the weakening of the meaning of marriage, which would be disunites. Human spirit be what it is, if the meaning of marriage is weakened, it go forth be psychologically easier for even more people to fall apart. Look at what happened when no-fault divorce was legalized. The divorce rate skyrocketed.If the nature of marriage is further undermined in the minds of coupl es then when things thrum rocky, more couples will be tempted not to work through their problems and get happy again but rather to divorce and find someone else (Hogan,P. ,,R. ,2010). That is a big(p) idea, because most marriage therapists agree that divorce generally doesnt work. Divorce doesnt pull in the problems that caused the first marriage to break up. Divorced people bring the same problems to their new marriages that broke up their old ones. Thats why second and later(prenominal) arriages are statistically far more likely to end in divorce than first marriages are. Also, a large majority of couples who contemplate divorce but stay unitedly describe themselves as happily married five years later. So staying together works better than divorce. The Romans had an elicit view towards marriage matrimonia debent esse libera or marriages ought to be free. This meant that either spouse could opt out of the marriage if things werent working out for them. Centuries later, s quare-toed England had a vastly different view (Bouvier, 1856).People got married and stayed together for better or for worse. Society frowned on divorce and divorced people were likely to find themselves social pariahs. In the present century, twain these views prevail. It depends on which part of the planet you live in and in what kind of culture. Divorce rates are higher in European or American countries, where individual freedom is given higher nidus, than in, say, Asian or African ones, where familial and social opinions cause higher focussing. With globalization, of course, the backward countries are signal detection up.Women, especially, with access to higher education and higher salaries, are less volition to put up with traditional roles and expectations (Devine). Social and cultural moralists are having a field day, predicting, like always, dire consequences for the social fabric. No, divorce isnt joy-inducing, but then neither is a corrosive marriage. In such a case , splitting up is preferable to staying together for the children or to supporting up social appearances. Anyway, it all really depends upon the kind of relationship you acquit. rough relationships are worth working on, some arent. There are legion(predicate) different and complex causes and reasons for divorce, each of them specific to that particular couples marital relationship, their individual experiences and personal problems. None of them may seem roughhewn to the people going through a divorce, of course, but many of the reasons restate enough to warrant the term. These causes for divorce may vary from the lack of committedness to the marriage to the lack of communication between spouses infidelity abandonment Physical, sexual, or even Substance Abuse, etc.Furthermore, it takes a very special person to stand and accept that the rest of their lives are devoted to something larger than themselves and their own little worlds. It takes an incredible commitment and an end uring love to withstand a life supporting someone else who may not be there by their beside on days when you are feeling blue, and who may not hold you in those times when the life around you is not so sweet. Now, marriage is hard enough, there are times when all husbands and wives question the sanity of a relationship that requires such hard work.Couples get through this by existence together and keeping at it as a team. Sadly, many soldiery relationships do not have this luxury of being together to keep things on track. This is when the host husband or wife just has to sort through couple issues alone (Rentz et al, 2007). Only the strongest committed individual can carry the weight of two in a relationship, and it takes a strong intimate trusting bond to make it at all possible. The forces eases the lives of service fragments and their families in some very evidentiary ways. Paychecks are regular.Benefits, such as healthcare and legal abetance, are strange in the civilian world. And, in a time of economic uncertainty, the barter security provided by the armed forces is a true blessing (Rentz et al, 2007). However, every positive aspect of military machine life is matched by at least one negative, especially for married service members and their families. Military and civilian marriages construction the same marriage-stressors and marriage-killers, but the challenges faced by military marriages are both compounded and additional (Banner, 2008).Danielle Rentz and associates argues that the impact and stress of war may come in before, during, and after deployment and extend beyond the military soldier to include stress and emotional disturbance for his or her family. Anticipation of deployment can lead to feelings of anger, resentment, and stick out within the family. Separation during deployment may create the assumption of new family roles by the partner left behind, disruption of family routines, uncertainty approximately the service members sa fety, and the inability to plan for the future (Rentz et al, 2007).They base their discussion on the research and studies on the solvent of Deployment on the Occurrence of Child abuse in Military. Betty Myers writes a testimony of her days married to a military man and unravels a story from past that lead to divorce. Her story is to date some other cause for divorce within a military family. The stress of war and unknowing of what occurs to a spouse takes a toll on a marriage. This is a testimony of her personal experience and this will assist my paper for the causes of divorce (Myers, 1988). Bennington Banner analyzes the statistical selective information of military divorce rate in every branch of the Arm Forces.He states that the massive and repeated deployments required of many troops have been widely goddamned for unprecedented stresses on military couples. Spouses at home must issue families and households without their partner. He concluded that there were an estimated 10,200 failed marriages in the active duty multitude and 3,077 among Marines, according to figures obtained by The Associated Press for the budget year ended Sept. 30. His data can help me prove the point that the numbers of divorce in the Arm Forces are staggering (Banner, 2008). Joseph Devine explains that military marriages undergo a very specific set of strains.They face the possibility of sudden moves to far-off locales, speedy deployments, and even premature death. He stated when youre married to someone in the military, its often like youre married to the military itself (Devine). Your life revolves around what the military wants from you and your spouse, and theres not a whole lot you can do about it. In summary, the ways in which each military marriage survives are all personal and unique to their own, but the emotional journey is one that can really be understood only by another military spouse (Hogan,P. ,,R. ,2010).The one thing all military spouses have in common with each other is their ultimate self-conceit in their husbands and wives, and to survive the journey as a military spouse, their shared pride of place alongside their incredible military husbands and wives. While military marriages are an entity of their own, the non-military couples could learn many things from them. The special goodbyes for instance are important. A military husband or wife knows the value of not leaving issues unresolved, and has learn the art of letting the silly things go (Hogan,P. ,,R. ,2010).They do not have until the afternoon, or the next day or the day after that to get over it, they are too aware that tomorrow is unpredictable. A military marriage does not have the time to wallow in inconsequent debate. The most important thing to them is to be sure to let the one they love know that they are appreciated. Petty unimportant arguments have a way of clouding the unconditional love that holds a marriage together. References Banner, B. Divorce rate up in Army, Marine Corps. (2008,December3). Retrieved February 3, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID1606239161). Bouvier, J. (1856).Matrimonia debent esse libera. (n. d. ) A justness Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. Retrieved April 27 2010 from http//legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Matrimonia+debent+esse+libera Devine, J. Divorce and the Military. Retrieved from http//ezinearticles. com/? Divorce- and-the-Military=3605202 Hogan,P. ,,R.. (2010). Marriage and the Military Evidence That Those Who Serve Marry Earlier and Divorce Earlier. Armed Forces and Society,36(3),420. Retrieved may 4, 2010, from Career and Technical Education. (Document ID2002732321). Myers, B. (1988).Story Of A Thrown-Away Military Wife. Minerva,VI(2),77. Retrieved February 3, 2010, from ProQuest Central. (Document ID624746591). Rentz, E. D. ,Marshall, W. S. ,Loomis, D, Casteel, C. , Martin, S. L. , Gibbs, D. A. (2007). Effect of Deployment on the Occurrence of Child Maltreatment in Military and unsoldierly Families. American Journal of Epidemiology,165(10),1199-206. Retrieved February 3, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID1268687131). Zinn, B. M. , D. Eitzen, S. , Wells, B. , (2008). Divorce and Remarriage. (Ed. 8) Diversity of Families (pp. 393- 410). assimilator Hall

Preferred language style: English (U.S.) Essay

First, you should read these nonice documents relating to the definition and expression of usability. As you read, try to define for yourself as specifically as possible how you would assess usability. Remember, usability matters, because measure matters the argument for usability is heavily ground on efficiency, not on aesthetics or peoples proper(ip)s not to be put upon. Jakob Nielsen, Kara Pernice Coyne, and Marie Tahir, Make it Usable. PC Magazine 02. 06. 01. Available at http//www. pcmag. com/article2/0,4149,33821,00. asp Jakob Nielsen (2003) Usability 101 presentation to Usability.Alert box, August 25 http//www. useit. com/alertbox/20030825. html The tissue Style Guide (2nd Edition) available at http//www. webstyleguide. com/index. html Usability First available at http//www. usabilityfirst. com/ Then comes the experiential comp unmatchablent of the case. It shouldnt take you to long and ordain give you a accuse of reference for what the debate is all about. reward th e Web Usability Quiz free and online at http//www. humanfactors. com/ cooking/webquiz. asp You ability actually want to try the quiz before you do the practice to check your prior knowledge.However, since your score is just between you and the machine, its up to you. But youll get more out of it if you do take the quiz. Then, in a 3-5 page paper, discuss the following questions What do you believe are the appropriate criteria for assessing usability? Who should make such judgments? How should disagreements about usability be resolved? Usability plays a very consequential role in determining the efficiency of a website, and suggests the ability of the customer to use the website (Neilson, 2001). It is a quality comp championnt and determines the chasteness and the convenience in victimisation the website (Neilson, 2003).The customer should find the website drug user-friendly and fire (Neilson, 2001). In this article, the importance of usability to websites is mentioned, but it could be applied to any area. As there are countless number of websites providing pertinent selective information, people receive several options. Hence, if a website is badly designed, it would suffer from not being ideate by the customer. The customer has to be involved during the twisting stage itself to get a line that the website stub be designed in the most appropriate manner. other fact which should be noted in this regard is that a customer would not return to the website if it is bad, as a negative impression would already have been generated in the mind (Neilson, 2001). Before the website is launched, a sample of the potential difference customers should provide feedback. Studies have shown that these potential users have provided appropriate feedback which was utilized and helped to make better the quality of the website. Many web- occasions have made huge amount of department of coifions within a very short period of sequence, and with a little(a) investm ent after taking advice from the sample of the customers.Usually customers were lost right from the start of the homepage, were a registration of the customer was requisite (Neilson, 2001). Usability is in addition required for the website surviving in the market. Customers would leave the website at any given point of time, if it is unenviable to use. Any information put in a difficult to read manner would also have the same consequence. It is very important that the website answers the questions of the user promptly (Neilson, 2003). Hence, the information designateed should be very relevant and specific.In the industry of web designing, usability suggests that the designers are very efficient at the construction of a website. At the moment about 10 % of the construction of websites cost is spent on determining and improving the usability (Neilson, 2003). It is one of the areas a website merchandise unit would be spending more compared to other quality areas (Neilson, 2003). there are several criteria for assessing usability. These include- 1. Efficiency The ability of the user to fulfil the activities mentioned, in one case they have learned the website.2. Learnability The ability of the user to perform the activities easily, once they are able to enter the website. 3. Satisfaction The pleasure derived in using the website. 4. Errors The chances of committing errors on the website, and the extent of these errors along with the ease in which they can be corrected. 5. Utility The ability to function in an appropriate user-friendly manner, (Neilson, 2003). 6. handiness The customer should be provided with access to appropriate information in the website.This is one of the most important criteria a website should follow (Lynch and Horton, 2002). 7. User-friendly design The artistic creation and the texts available on the website should be balanced and prepared in a well-balanced manner. It should encourage good flow of information. The website sh ould provide content and should be user-friendly for only the target hearing group. The navigation aids present on the website should be accessible. Sometimes, the user may require additional information, and in such circumstances an access link should be available.This access link up should always be functional (Lynch and Horton, 2002). 8. Relevant information The website should provide relevant and current information. Sometimes, further details about the source from where the information is derived, would also be required. 9. Authors name and the Credentials of the author The website should be providing the authors name and the credentials of the author, so that the customer can also weight the accuracy and genuineness of the information provided. Judgments to improve the usability should be made by the potential customers.They should be called in at the designers office. The correction would be occurring in a change, which include- 1. coiffe the objectives and the activiti es of the representative user At first, the users should be told the objectives of the website and they should be given adapted information to proceed on to the next task. Each representative tasks should be written on a separate page, and once the user finishes with one age, he/she could move on to the next page (Neilson, 2001). 2. The people scrutiny the usability of the website should be lay outd in real-life instances.Their profile should suit that of the relevant audience the website wants to target. To test a particular site, 5 people should be utilized. The time each tester should spend ranges from 20 minutes to about 2 hours (Neilson, 2001). 3. The test sessions should be performed in a serene and a quietude environment. Usually, testing should be performed at one person at a time. However, if one tester cannot observe or disturb the other tester, the process can be through with(p) for several individuals at a time (Neilson, 2001). 4.The areas the testers experience ce rtain difficulties should be observed immediately, and efforts should be made to correct them. The feedback and responses supplied by the testers is very important and should be utilized appropriately (Neilson, 2001). 5. in like manner actually following the feedback and reactions of the user, several other issues can be grouped out by the designers to ensure that the usability of the website can be improved. Frequently, surveys may not convey precise information, and a lot depends on following the observations of the user.The information provided by a survey may frequently be mislead (Neilson, 2001). 6. During the process of testing, the designers should be quiet and observe what the representative user does or say. Anything said by the designers would affect the outcome of such a surgical process (Neilson, 2003). Problems that could arise during testing- 1. The results obtained from one user may be standardized to another user. In such a circumstance, it would be better to lea se the entire procedure individually for each user or place them in rooms where one user cannot disturb another user (Neilson, 2003). 2.Frequently, the outcome of a testing may not be utile if people not belonging to the target group are selected for testing. In such a circumstance, it would be better to select individuals (at least 5 of them belonging to the target group) (Neilson, 2003). 3. Users should not be told anything during the testing. Instead most of the talk of the town should be done by the user. If too much talking is done by the testers, the users would get influenced, and real-life simulation would not be possible (Neilson, 2003). References Foraker Design. Usability in Website and Software Design. 2002. Usability First.2 Jun 2007 http//www. usabilityfirst. com/ Human Factors. Web Usability Quiz. 1996. Human Factors. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. humanfactors. com/training/webquiz. asp Jakob Nielsen, Kara Pernice Coyne, and Marie Tahir, Make it Usable. 2001. PC Magazin e. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. pcmag. com/article2/0,4149,33821,00. asp Jakob Nielsen, Usability 101 Introduction to Usability. 2003. Alert box. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. useit. com/alertbox/20030825. html Patrick Lynch and Sarah Horton. The Web Style Guide, morsel Edition. Web Style Guide. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. webstyleguide. com/index. html

Balance School and Social Life Essay

School and social life are like oil color and wet they dont mix. You absolutely want to go hang discover with your friends, but you need to study for that test the next mean solar day full teens, heres how to balance your social life and school stairs Do your home mould as soon as you get home. Its tough, and you want to relax. But this is a great strategy to use if you do your home run the second you get home, you have the rest of the night to relax. Do this even on Friday. Make it a habit. Listen to music speckle doing homework.This helps you work at a faster speed and seems to make condemnation go by quickly. However, not everyone can work while auditory modality to music, so if you happen to be one of these people, then you can work in an environment with come in music its perfectly fine. Turn polish off your cellphone and television while doing your homework. Distractions are the number one contend why you take five hours instead of one to accomplished your homework . draw a lot of homework? Then maybe do virtually on the bus ride home.This wont work if you pass home from school, though. What you can do is refine not to burn the midnight oil or do your homework at the eleventh hour. During lunch break, try to do at least some homework given to you early in the day. Dont ever be afraid of be made fun of. If you really have no snip to complete your homework, try explaining it to your instructor. She or he will understand, because teachers used to be students, and afterwards all, theyve gone through what youre going through now, right?If your teacher announces theres going to be a test the pastime week on Friday, dont study for it on Thursday. easily take your time to study a few chapters a day in the afternoon so that you have lots of free time to socialize after that. Now youre free to hang out with your friends. I know youre thinking, None of these steps will work Well, youll never know unless you try. After all, if hanging out with your friends is really that important to you, you would take any option you have.

Home video game Essay

1 Why the rapid harvest-tide of Atari? Why the 1982-85 collapse? How did Nint poleo rebuild the sedulousness? What was its strategy? After Bushnell settled on Atari, his first construct was the simplest gamy, which people k refreshful the rules immediately, and this game could be play with wholly(prenominal) one and only(a) hand. Then, Bushnell talked his way into a $ 50000 line of credit from a local bank to start his blood line. By 1974, 100,000 Pong-like games were sold worldwide, and although Atari manufactured only 10 percent of the game, the company appease made $3. 2 million that year.Atari had a rapid growth because it is a new manufacture, and Atari does not nominate any competitor at that time. So, Atari is the only company in this family line video game industry, and it has a huge power of supplier with no competitors and substitutes. After 1976, close to twenty different companies were crowding into the dwelling videogame food market, Atari still has to a greater extent than 50% market share in the industry. Until 1978, Atari estimated that total admit would reach 2 million units. In 1982, Atari lost $500 in the first nine months of the year.Part of the blame for the collapse was laid at the feet of an enormous inventory everyplacehang of unsold games. With more and more new games hit the market, the average price would goes down and the profits goes down as well. Nintendo established a commanding worldwide position by the end of the decade. The first step of Nintendo was to manifest video game technology from Magnavox. Then, Nintendo move to develop its own video game machine (Famicom) that combined super graphics processing capabilities and low cost.In the US, Nintendo established a adjunct named as Nintendo of America (NOA) by 1980, and Nintendo repositioned the market in U. S. NOA spent ab away 2% of sales budget for advertising and in any case sought out promotion partner, and it practiced careful inventory management i n evacuant its new games. In conclusion, Nintendo made an innovative new game scheme which had some competitive advantages such as cheaper, sea captain image quality, high-velocity hardware processing and a connector that stomach be apply for future addition of a modem and keyboard.2 How was Nintendo suitable to capture determine from the home video game business? First of all, with the video game industrys collapse, none of the company seems to have anything to do with the with the home video business except Nintendo. So, it was a big chance for Nintendo to command the video game business, and it was a approximate chance to negotiate and certify other companies to develop games for its system. Secondly, Nintendo has good market position and distri neverthelession in United Stated.Thirdly, Nintendo has good game designing and technology, and it uses the regulation, contract and patent license to limit the market share of other game companies. 3 How was Sega able to catch market share from Nintendo? With Segas first game Periscope, Sega built up a respectable export business. Then, Sega realized that great games covey sales and more powerful technology gave game developers the tools to develop more appealing games. Sega also licensed other companies to develop games for the contemporaries platform, yet asked for lower royalty rates than Nintendo.Despite aggressive marketing in the 80s, it wasnt until the introduction of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 as a direct competitor to Nintendos Mario character that Sega was able to capture a meaningful amount of the market with its Genesis console. The key point was Genesis does what Nintendo dont, and Sega version out sold Nintendos two to one. 4 Evaluate the competitive strategy of 3DO. What flaws can you see in 3DOs approach? The vision for 3DO was to shift the home video game business away from the existing cartridge-based format and toward a CD-ROM-based platform.The belief at 3DO is that the superior sto rage and graphics processing capabilities of the 3DO system would prove very fascinating to game developers, allowing them to be far more creative. In turn, better games would rip customers away from Nintendo and Sega. The 3DOs strategy was to license its hardware technology for free. However, only a few 3DO titles were available by the Christmas period where reports suggested 150 titles, and sales of the hardware were slow. As can be seen, 3DO did good at its software, and bad at its hardware.As a result, 3DO announced that it would either consider its hardware system or move into joint venture. 5 How come after the Sony Play Station has succeeded where 3DO failed? Sony set up a retail ancestry separate from its consumer electronics sales force, and Sony has a good communication with retailers before the fling to find out how it could help them sell the play station. Sony targets its advertising for PlayStation at specific generation and age range. So, Sony focused on it ret ailers and customers, and it has a good market position.On the other side, 3DO only focused on its products but lack of the communication with its retailers and customers. 6 What drove Microsofts decision to land the industry with its X-box offering? Because before Microsoft entered the home video game industry, it was no stranger to games. Microsoft had long participated in the PC gaming industry and was one of the largest publishers of PC games. X-box was based on Microsofts PC technology, and it would be more than easier for software developers to write game for.Microsoft enter the industry because with annual revenues in excess of $20 billion worldwide, the home video game industry is huge and an important source of potential growth for Microsoft. 7 What lessons can be learned from the narrative of the home video game industry that has been used to help launch the Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box? Do Microsoft and Sony pop to have learned and applied these lessons? T he lesson can be learned from the history of the home video industry was to focus on R&D, market positioning, cost leadership, innovation, technology and communications.Sony PlayStation II has consumed about 1. 3 billion in R&D, and Sony actually loses money on Sony PlayStation machine but gain from game CDs. On the other side, Microsofts X-Box cut X-box price over time but guaranteed a profit margin. There are trey technical factors determined the quality of a video game entropy width (in bits), clock speed (in MHz), and the amount of RAM (in bytes). Both Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box have their own competitive advantage in these technologies, and they also both are good game designers.

Impact of Technology on the Work-Life Balance Essay

engineering science has done a lot for human beings. Without the development in engine room it is possible that the pyramids would never have been built and neither would we be fitting to communicate with each other from remote bulges all over the arena. nearly say that these technical advances such as the internet and cellular phones be a boon on society and humankind yet in that respect are also those detractors who say that it is has non simplified life in so much as it has complicated matters. plot of land we enjoy eachthing that technology has to absenter, it cannot be argued that there are times that we are to a greater extent(prenominal) inconvenienced by it. There are times when one would rather turn his or her cellular phone off so that they can relax more and take it easy. There are also times when they wish they had barrage power on their technological devices so that they can sound more or accomplish more. The problem it projectms is that as technology b ecomes more forward-looking and incorporates itself more in the daily lives of community it becomes more difficult to shunning from it.The biggest difficulty nowadays is actually turning that piece of technology off without fearing that doing so will leave a person uninformed or make him feel so isolated and left out of this world which is moving at a very rapid pace. It is commonplace to see a person check his computer (either desktop or laptop) any few minutes or so just to make authoritative that they read the email as soon as it comes in. People catch their take a crap with them almost everywhere they go these days.Work is no thirster limited to the confines of a cubicle or an office hardly can now be performed virtually anywhere thanks to the technological advances that have enabled the invention of portable workstations such as blackberries, laptops and cellular phones. The admission of teleconferencing has made travel to meetings all besides obsolete and the stab for more digital convergence has made it possible for people to work from their homes.The proper characterization of this phenomenon is not increasing player productivity, as it is asserted, scarce rather invasion of privacy. There is no longer any place that is safe from the summons from work or the orders of a superior. Virtually every place on this planet supplys people to perform work at any time and from any location. This means that since the day has still remained at 24 hrs, unless scientists have found a way to alter that, and the more that time is devoted to work, the less time on that 24 hour clock is left for privacy and relaxation.Even certain studies have shown that the work hours have dramatically increased from the levels that it was at previously. More and more people put in longer hours with each technological breakthrough that is introduced. It has been argued that this is a good thing because people make more money and more money means happier people. While t here is no arguing the detail that more money does make people happy, in general, the devices that have been invented to allow the generation of higher incomes has also reduced the time left to degenerate that hard earned money.The extra income that is generated by these devices now seems so unimportant and useless since it cannot be spent due to the lack of time to do so. Another problem is also the cost of worker burn out. While productivity is theoretically increased per worker, the added stress and workload that is given per worker leads to a faster deterioration of the human resource and means that in the long run the potential productivity gains are actually nullify by the deterioration of human capital.All of these time saving devices which claim to increase productivity were invented for a simple reason, to decrease work time. They were not really invented to free time up for other work but were envisioned to allow a person to do more with less. We should film to keep i t that way, be happy with doing more with less and do not fret about doing more with more.

Economic Value Added

EVA is a way of life of measuring a firms netability. EVA is NOPAT minus a charge for all cap invested in the business (Byrne 1). A more intuitive way to stand for of EVA is as the difference betwixt a firms NOPAT and its total comprise of ceiling (Kramer & Pushner 40). double-dyed(a) Staurts numerical definition of EVA is calculated for any yr by multiplying a firms economic book take to be of great(p) at the blood line of the year by the spread between its reappearance on jacket crown and its apostrophize of jacket (K) EVA=(Rt-Kt)*Ct-1 (Kramer &Pushner 41). EVA is a notion of residual income (Ehrbar Xi).Investors demand a rate of return proportional to the amount of risk incurred. Operating net profit determine residual income by plotting them against the take rate of return, a increase of both debt and justice. EVA takes into account all capital invested. Peter Druker says in his Harvard line of work Review article, EVA is based on something we have known fo r a dour time What we call profits, the money left to service equity, is not profit at all. Until a business returns a profit that is greater than its follow of capital, it operates at a loss. Never mind that it cook ups taxes if it had a genuine profit.The enterprise still returns less to the economy than it devours in resources. Until then it does not give rise wealth but destroys it (Ehrbar 2). EVA is a sum of wealth creation or destruction after all costs argon capitalized. Companies use EVA as a measure of corporate exertion, as an inducing system and as a link between partholder and management/employee goals. Stock legal injury indicates investors certainty concerning current and future earnings potential. EVA is a static measure of corporate performance MVA is a dynamic, forward looking mart performance measure.MVA is a commercializeplace generated number calculated by subtracting the Capital invested in a firm from the sum (V) of the total market assess of the firms equity and book value of debt MVA=Vt-Ct (Kramer & Pushner 42). Al Ehrbar describes MVA as exactly equivalent to the convey markets estimate of the NPV of a company. In 1998 CSX Corperation introduced EVA criteria to the fast growing but pitiful margin CSX Intermodal business, where trains deliver freight to waiting trucks or cargo ships. giant amounts of capital are required to place a mammoth cash in ones chips of locomotive, containers and railcars.Figuring in capital costs, CSX Intermodal lost $70 million in 1988. The CEO issued an ultimatum, et EVA up or be sold (Fortune, 39). CSX Intermodal freight chroma increased by 25%, yet they dramatically reduced their capital cost by reduction the number of container and trailers by 22%, reducing their locomotive fleet by 33%, and reducing fuel costs. EVA in 1992 was $10 million dollars, and was expected to triple the following year. Wall driveway responded CSX bank line legal injury rose from $28 before EVA to a 1993 pr ice of $75.CSX concluded that investors care more about their net cash return on capital than accounting figures such as EPS, ROE and ROA. Companies that tangle EVA as a performance measure found tie-in stipend plans very useful in line up management behavior and shareholder needs. Typical plans consist of two acquainted(predicate) parts, a bonus and stock incentives, applied in new ways (Fortune 50). Bonus fall guys are open up by a percent increase in EVA and recalculated each year by averaging the forward years goal and the prior years result.Bonus have no limits, but the manager incurs operating risk because some of the bonus is baffle in a bank, say, for five years. If oer the next five years management performs poorly, and EVA drops, the bank account is depleted. Management incurs the risks and benefits just as owners do. Joel gloomy measures that in cases without an EVA incentive plan, employees suffer from a common problem. On honest their fixed pay, salaries and pension off, are too high, and their variable pay, profit sharing and share options, are to low (Ehbar XIX). stinker adds that size, not value, drives employees in typical incentive programs because size is convinced(p)ly correlated with increases in fixed pay and nigh thereafter, variable pay, even if it destroys shareholder wealth. EVA protects shareholder interests by depositing variable pay into a deferred account that can be lost if value is eroded. EVA, as a corporate measure and a predictive tool, generates mixed reviews in the business and academic worlds. AT&Ts Jim Meen says, The correlation between MVA and EVA is very high.So when your driving your business toward EVA, your really driving the correlation with market value (Kramer & Pushner, 43). Stern Stewart finds an R squared value of 60% based on 20 groupings of firms (Kramer & Pushner, 41). Contenders site statistical evidence to the contrary. BCG-Holt calculates an R square, after removing 21 outliers, of 27%. Dodd and Chen report that EVA accounts for only 20. 2% of the variation in stock returns for a sample of 500 companies, while ROA condones 24. 5% of market returns (Kramer & Pushner, 43).In their paper An Empirical Analysis of Economic Value Added as a Proxy for Market Value Added, Kramer and Pushner test the supposal that EVA is extremely correlated with MVA. Simple regression analysis is utilize to test this hypothesis and other market determinants of market value such as NOPAT. starting signal Kramer and Pushner test the relationship between the direct of MVA and the take aim of EVA using the SS1000. In all cases the level of MVA supremely relates to both NOPAT and EVA in the same and prior catchs. However, in all cases, NOPAT explains more of the total variation in MVA than EVA (OByrne & Stewart 44).This suggests that the level of NOPAT is not only a better proxy but withal a better predictor of corporate performance than the level of EVA. Results for weight least squares , change in MVA and variations are described graphically in appendix 1. Kramer and Pushner conclude that there is no clear evidence that EVA is the shell measure of corporate success in adding value to shareholder investments (Kramer and Pushner, 47). Stephen F. OByrne and Stern Stewart and Co. tested a similar hypothesis. Their objective is to show that EVA provides a hypothetical and practical measure of operating performance.OByrne and Stewart substantiate the instructive power of EVA coition to earnings because, unlike previous studies, they recognize two important characteristics Multiples of positive EVA are significantly higher than multiples of negative EVA, which implies that companies with negative EVAs have determine that are higher than what would be expected if the market valued EVA at the same multiple. Multiples of capital tend to decline with company size, which suggest that the market assigns higher multiples to a given level of EVA for smaller companies. Stewa rt, 117).OByrne and Stewart suggest at first glance that earnings and EVA have about the same level of success in explaining market value. The variance explained ranges around 32%. taking into account the two characteristics listed above, the instructive power of their simulate increases to 42%. Five-year changes in EVA explain 55% of the variation in market value, and ten-year changes in EVA explain 74% of the variation in ten-year changes. The NOPAT model has 15%-20% less explanatory power. The results of OByrne and Stewart research appear in appendix 2.They conclude that because EVA is systematically coupled to market value, it proves to be a better predictor of market value than other performance measures. Proponents of EVA also argue that generally accepted accounting principles standards distort aline economic humanity, produce unreliable corporate standards and serve as an bootless compensation system. Harvard business school professor Baruch Lev states that Overall, t he fragile association between accounting data and capital markets values suggest that usefulness of financial reports is rather limited (Ehrbar, 161).Some differences in generally accepted accounting principles and economic reality stem from a bias toward conservative estimates, compounded by s requirements driving conservative financial policies. The principal divergence is generally accepted accounting principless intervention of equity. The cost of equity should be capitalized. The cost of borrowed capital shows up in a companies interest expense. But the cost of equity capital, which the shareholders have contributed, typically appears nowhere in any financial statement-and equity is extraordinarily expensive (Fortune, 38).Ehrbar contends that GAAP distorts economic reality in areas such as R&D, strategic management, expense recognition, depreciation, restructuring charges, taxes and balance sheet adjustments (64). R&D under GAAP standards require Corporations to immediately expense R&D in the period in which they occur, where as managers and investors see R&D as an investment. GAAPs treatment of R&D reduces book value by writing refine the asset to $0 EVA would capitalize R&D and amortize it over a period of time.Lastly, GAAP incentives can be ineffective motivators. For fount, a retiring officers pension plan is linked to earnings. During their last year they talent skimp on R&D to boost earnings because their pension plan is tied to performance. Operating earnings often serve as the benchmark for management compensation. Management has the incentive to negotiate a target that is easy to beat. Managers aim low, insuring their bonus. Trade loading is a second example of how GAAP can affect management decisions concerning bonuses and owner interests.EVA as a measure of financial performance is positively related MVA, but depending on the methodology, the result vary. Kramer and Pushner used simple univariate regressions to compare EVA with other mea sures explaining EVA. Their results were mixed, NOPATs explanatory power in Ordinary Least Squares Regressions outperformed EVA by 9%, however when weighted, EVAs explanatory power was higher overall and surpassed NOPAT by 6%. Kramer and Pushner note that the market focuses on profits rather than EVA.Investors rely on earnings estimates that are orderedly calculated within the manufacture. This is not the case for FCF or EVA. Lastly, Kramer and Pushner observe, investors sure need to be aware of capital structure, they should already by familiar with the opportunity cost of their investment and may not need to turn back this into the measure of performance (Kramer and Pushner 47). Investors may be familiar with the opportunity cost of their investments, although EVA analysis can illuminate problems, such as those created by GAAP accounting, that may not be recognized otherwise.Stephen OByrne and Stern Stewarts calculation required the recognition of two important characteristics that drastically changed the explanatory power of EVA. They note that simple a simple regression model, similar to the one used by Kramer and Pushner, depresses the predictive power of EVA and inflates the predictive power of earnings (Stewart 120). EVA with industry coefficients explains and impressive 56% of the variation in actual market/capital ratios (Stewart 121). It also produces notable results for changes in EVA and market value over time. off the beaten track(predicate) better results than NOPAT.My results using a simple linear regression model parallels Kramer and Pushners results. EVA in 1997 has the highest R square factor, at 33%, but is utmost from the results calculated by Stewart. EVAs R squared increased dramatically since 1992. This is consistent with the economic trend of the 90s, so the increase may not necessarily reflect an increase in EVA due to internal factors, but an outdoor(a) factor, such as the greatest economic expansion in record history. All four factors consistently increase from 1992 to 1997. EVA could be a expensive tool if it is tailored to the company and industry.This requires an understanding and adjustment for different EVA multiples for positive and negative EVA and different capital multiples for different size companies. This requires complex calculations, a regularly cited problem. However, in this context EVA lives up to its reputation as a great measure of corporate performance. Other functions, such as aligning employee and shareholder goals, the basis for an incentive system and a more practical picture of economic reality, makes EVA more attractive. I would recommend using Stern Stewart model to calculate EVA.

Stand By Me

In the film the four chief(prenominal) characters are, Chris, who is the tough one, berth, who is the daring one, Gordie, Whos the sensitive one and Vern, whos adept stupid because he asks stupid questions. They hear that a kid has been killed by a contract and theyve gone to lookfor him. The history is about them growing up and becoming more(prenominal) mature, Friendship, Bullying and an adventure(themes).The Night video takes place towards the end of the film. They are wholly smoking around the campfire talking about daft things such as what is Goofy?(the Disney character). This tantrum is important because it shows their friendship and how they are either told tightly fitting friends, asking Gordie to narrate them a story because they every believe he is a truly good story teller/writer.The night scene opens with a shot of the moon and whence calmly moves down and into the forest to were they are all smoking around the campfire. There is no medical specialty at the start of the scene, but there is music towards the end of the scene (once they have finished talking some music comes on, the music is 50s because it makes you heart as if the film is set in the mid-fifties. There are sounds of birds and crickets (wildlife) at the start which makes you have as if its real life.The Gang ask Gordie to tell them a story, so he tells them a story about a boy called Lardass, who enters a pie eating disputation, he doesnt want to win the competition he just wants revenge. Lardass is a overweight kid who is truly unpopular, his buddy and sister even call him Lardass (Lardass is his nickname). Before the competition he drinks a bottle of castor oil and one raw egg, this is all to do with his revenge. Halfway through the competition his plan had started to work, he was drift all over the champion of last year, then the champion was sick all over another person. Not until the smell reached the crowd did his plan really work, when the smell hit the crowd every body was being sick over everybody.Verns reaction to the story was that of stupidity, when he asks Gordie if Lardass had to pay to get in the competition. Teddy didnt like the determination probably because it didnt have anything to do with battle or killing. He says the ending should be that Lardass goes home, shoots his dad then joins the Texas Rangers. Teddy thinks like that because deep down inside he hates his dad and thats what he would do to his dad. Chris thought the ending was brilliant, as he was being very supportive and also saying it was brilliant. The story relates to the gang, as they are all outcasts like Lardass. You can also tell the story related to them because it was set in a very similar town to theirs. You could see the story as if it was on the television, physically seeing the story made you feel as if it was going into Gordies imagination.Once they had finished talking about the ending of the story, Chris turned on the radio which was playing fifties music, the music was fifties to remind you what year the film was set in, it also set the scene, bit by bit fading away as they start to talk. They show their friendship by talking to one another about daft things, such as what is Goofy. The camera fades from one person to another, it doesnt let you hear the whole conversation, it just keeps changing subject. It also shows the friendship with camera shots around the campfire, looking close and warm.The mood of the scene changes when they hear the noises of the wildlife, at first only Vern showed that he was scared. Teddy was scaring Vern even more by saying it was the ghost of the light boy. Teddy was saying that he wanted to look for the kids ghost and then all of a sudden a big howl echoed in the woods, at this point everybody was scared. Vern showed that he was the wimp of the gang by rustling I think we should stand guard. They gang approve of his notice and Teddy is first to stand guard, he was acting as if he was i n a War of some sort. When Vern was guarding he was really scared, pointing the flatulence at every noise he heard.Gordie and Chris were talking because Gordie had a incubus about his brothers funeral. His nightmare was that his dad whispered into his ear It should have been you.

Education Reflection papers Essay

notice Students Can Improve by Studying their Learning Processes Before I started my student-t severallying at the UBHS, I listed agglomerate some of my observations with the Grade 8 students exchange qualified their strengths and weaknesses. This is wherefore I formulated my goals and objectives that I need to achieve in order to address these concerns when I impart be teaching them. virtu everyy of the students ar actively participating just promptly thither are clock that they are too active to handle. When they get bored during the discussion, they start talking creating nuisance and distraction on the teachers part. On the otherwise hand, some of them withal are expressive into sharing their feelings and brings to the mark. When I conduct them what they felt unto a certain experience, they flush toi allow describe this in details. plainly when I dictate them to write it as an essay or in a couple of(prenominal) paragraphs, they are unable to do so. Moreover , I likewise notice that students keep making the same error during knowledge configurationes especi totallyy in the problem-solving activities.The worst part is that they tire stunned(a)t rattling mind if they denounce maybe, beca utilise most of them are doing it. I stand foresee that this is becoming a habit and when they are promoted to the next level, it would be the same problem all over again unless they decide to change this cycle. Its a practiced thing that I read this obligate when I was preparing my orientation with the class before I would be their teacher. At the very first day that I entered the room as their teacher, I introduced my rules on behavior, attitude and classroom man timement. Along with attitude, I told them that in my class, attainment is not wholly close intellect but it to a fault includes perseverance, determination and other virtues they should keep in mind. I shared to them what I read in this article, that they should know their bree ding operatees in order to improve not sole(prenominal) their grades but also their learning strategies. tally to the principles of learning, Learning is an active process which is activated by the learner himself. On the other hand, Learning is a painful process but it is non-sense if you got hurt and learned nothing. So, get up, face your mistakes and concur it even off this time.These are my words to them which got their attention and until now, they keep on reflecting on them and conclusion out what this means to them. Every time I got the chance, it may shake up them but I keep on reminding them these principles. Whenever they got low scores during quizzes, I ask them, so what should you do about it? I pause andsay, That right, keep out where you went wrong and next time dont make the same error again. In that way, you leave make-up for the lost points fleck gaining up confidence for your achievement. Dont give up with save fewer failures instead use these failures to motivate you to learn a surge more.Some clock, I view Im not teaching information anymore or Im teaching Science less. My objectives in my lesson are to define toll, derive formulas, demonstrate the concept, etc. but it seems at the end of the lesson, I wasnt able to achieve them cause I discussed more on how to improve their study habits, attitude, behavior. After teaching with them in almost three weeks, I noticed that with the self-regulated assessment, most had improved with this experimental method. I think its a slow, long process bid the evolution but with patience, perseverance and other necessary characteristics, I will be able to achieve this goal. I hope that during my stay with them, I will be able to dish out the students not only to tolerate but also to excel. blood Glenn, D.The Education Digest.September 2010. p.13-20 Reflection 3 utilize Humor in the ClassroomIts a trend for the students to wee-wee a misconception and pre-conviction that Science is a sto ne-cold, serious and boring subject. This is why few are interested to pick up during Science classes and which is also why it makes our play as Science teachers a set more difficult. According to this article and the principles of teaching, using humor is rough-and-ready for the students to exchangeable the teacher. At first, I dont really care if the students like me or not and as long as they listen to me. But at the students age and level of maturity, its a pre-requisite for them to like me so they will listen to me. So, I started adding the enough sense of humor during my Science classes. And, it works, at least(prenominal) most of the time. vertical like what the article says, the benefits of humor is that it can help capture and retain students attention, reduce stress and anxiety, increase student indigence and participation, promote a sense of acceptance in class that allows students to think in creative and divergent ways and others. Humor has really helped me a lo t into refraining my students sleep during my classes.However, I have to admit that sometimes I go too far and make inappropriate jokes. Just like everything, there is a need of balance. Too much ofanything is not sober so just like what this article say, there should only be small doses of humor just enough to maintain the students attention which is also appropriate for their age and status. There are also times that students can hardly connect at the essence of my jokes. I think its because my jokes are sometimes outdated or too complicated for them to deduct. So, I associate my jokes with the current trends along with my lesson. I also use the terms they use with their peers like boom-panes, ice-bucket challenge and other trendy words at the moment. In choosing an instructional materials and preparing activies, I see to it that it is fun, funny and explorative but at the same time informative and educational.For example, when I had my lesson on bat as defined in Physics, I mad e them perform a role-playing activity. In order for the students to be attentive, I asked them to re-enact the work done by a ballot vendor, bote-landok buyer and seller, a beauty queen and a secretary. I chose those attention-seekers in the class to do the activity and I was impress how they were able to give a very energetic performance. I enjoyed it in person and so does the audiences which are the other students. In this way, the students laughed and learned a lot in relation to our topic. Just like what the article says, there are positive and negative effects of humor. When used powerful, it enhances learning in umteen ways but when it is misused, it can hurt the students as well as the teachers feelings. Therefore, in using humor, proceed with caution and use it wisely. Source Ivy, L. The Education Digest. October 2013. p.54-57Reflection 1Creativity A restore for the Common CurriculumStudents love it when I compare them to the process of metamorphosis. I tell them that t hey are just caterpillars for now and soon, they will become fine-looking and colorful butterflies. In order to achieve metamorphosis in the public of Education, Creativity is not only a miscellaneous but sort of a need in the students learning process. However, in this day and age, few students realize the importance of enhancing their own innate creative being. In the classes that I taught, I observed that there are hesitations which hinder them into letting out their creative self. They are afraid to make mistakes or try hence fail. They think they are doomed if they fail onceor twice. This is why I always assure them that in my class, there are no wrong answers but instead there are trials, lots of trials in order to arrive at the correct answer. Whenever they answer and their answer does not directly address my question, I ask them supplemental questions until we arrive at the main point. In this way, they hone their convergent and divergent thinking strength which are re quirements of Creativity. In the tralatitious course of study, students are trained to follow patterns and do things by the textbook. Yes, this is essential for the students should be oriented of the basics and disciplines.However, they must also learn how to do things their own way, create new things and innovate from what they know, from what they learned. This is why in my Science class, I require my students to create and design things. Just like when we had the lesson on the law of motions, I required my students to make a paper- balloon car which is functional, durable and presentable. When they submitted their outputs, I can see that they have the potentials and that they can do more. So I appreciated their effort and recognized their tact and innovativeness. I also gave recommendations for them to improve. On the contrary, its hard to measure the creative thinking presented in their product. So I learned that in process and product-assessment activities, there should real ly be a reliable and valid rubric to be prepared so that the students will have a guide into creating things. According to the article, Creative tasks are, by nature, ambiguous with no clear right or wrong answers.Such tasks require taking intellectual risks, trying, evaluating and discarding ideas, and making connections. In reality, there are lot of difficulties in infusing creativity in my lesson and curriculum as a teacher. Im realizing it now that creativity is not taught in few settings but rather it is honed and developed through time. Its a holistic process which involves all the learning areas and dimensions. It is not only the brain (cognitive domain) involved in this process but also the midsection (affective domain) and body (psychomotor domain) as well. However, I am hitherto hoping that with more experience and practice, Ill be able achieve this creative goal of mine. Source Berret, D.The Education Digest.October 2013. p.13-20Reflection 4Classroom ControlIn the tradi tional classroom setting, teachers can literally spank those students who are misbehaving. It seemed effective bet on then like the friars in the Spanish period but it only instilled fear and forced obedience among the students. With the principles of teaching-learning and also with my personal experience, I powerfully oppose this as a method of controlling the class. This is neither effective nor complement the students learning process. During my teachings at the UB-High School, first on my list of difficulties is how to debate the class. Most of the Grade 8 students are highly active in making noises rather than in participating during the discussion of the lesson and other activities. What really annoys me is that they are unaware that they are distracting me even if their chatter is louder than my voice. They think theyre innocent of such fault. After reading this article, I started to draw my plans in implementing classroom management strategies. Its a good thing that at the first day of my teaching with them, I oriented them of my expectations into behaving into class.Every now and then, I keep reminding them of the house rules that we naturalized following Ivan Pavlovs condition technique. Just like what the article suggested, I pause for a composition whenever most of the students are clamorous and I make a weapons-grade direct gaze at the offenders until they get the message to stop their noise. If it doesnt work, I sit instead and let their classmates call the attention of those misbehaving. I also try the numbers game. I tell the class that I would give them at least two minutes to settle down before we can proceed. If it is break time, I tell them that I would not stop them until they are all well-behaved or I dismiss the behaved ones on time but I let the offenders stay in the classroom a little bit longer so I can have a talk with them. As much as possible, I refrain from embarrassing the students who are misbehaving. So I tell the class to stop teasing the student whom I called his/her attention. There are times that I go near the students who are being noisy instead of calling out their names. I would stare at them duration I would still be discussing the lesson to avoid interruptions. I thought my dressing would be irrelevant with the lesson discussion but students are actually daunted if I didnt groom neatly and properly.There are times that instead of asking something related to the topic, they would ask if I wore my uniform properly comparing me to the other student-teachers. They also care about my hair and make-up, shoes, turn around polish and accessories. They made me conscious then of what Im mantic to wear because I realized that I will earn their see somehow by dressing professionally. Not all students are misbehaving so I also give praises and encouragement to those who are behaving properly so that they can be the role-models of the class. I give credits to them so they will continue their good b ehavior and not be discouraged if all the attention goes to the noisy ones. There are really difficulties when it comes to managing the class specially that we are student-teachers and most students dont abide with us because of this. We still have to earn their respect through time and exposure. We have established routines, disciplinary measures and other strategies to manage the class. Therefore, patience and endurance are the nominate values needed. Source Andrew Ilagan. The Educator. March-April 2013Reflection 2Hands-On ScienceTo legion(predicate) students, Science might be a unicorn or a leprechaun at the end of the rainbow. They do not appreciate the reality of the lessons being discussed in Science. In the traditional lesson proper of the Science subjects, students are asked to read and check definitions and terms with just theoretical explanations. Sometimes, its like telling a fairy tale like the unicorn and leprechaun that I mentioned. With the new K-12 curriculum tod ay, students are made to explore in order to deepen their understanding with the concepts. How? through and through having experiential learning activities such as laboratory activities and alter approaches and instructional materials in teaching Science, students are able to transfer or permute the theoretical knowledge into a concrete experience. And with my teaching experience and the principles of teaching-learning plump for me up, these are more effective methods for the teaching-learning process. According to the article, resourcefulness is one of the most important qualities of a science teacher. Conducting laboratory activities and presenting real objects for the lesson could be a challenge especially if the resources are scarce at the teachers location. This is why as a Science teacher, I should be able to substitute, improvise and customize as suggested in this article.At the UB- High School, the Science Departmentsprojector is not functional. So instead of presenting v ideo clips and animations which I find very helpful, I demonstrate or I let the students demonstrate the concept with the real objects to explore. I also give the students varied activities like role-playing, designing, composing jingles/songs and other group-works so they will actively take part with the lesson proper instead of me just talking in front. However, in conducting these activities, the class should be oriented of the rules and guidelines which must be observed before, during and after each activity. Organization is essential so the task will be carried out in accordance to the objectives to be accomplished. Instructions should also be disposed(p) clearly and carefully.Curiosity among the students should also be developed. In my classes, I always encourage my students to be asking questions if they didnt understand the lesson and they shouldnt undulate into asking questions especially if its a what if?. As a Science teacher, I also promote creativity and innovation. At their young minds, I believe they can create and design peculiar things which can be productive. I gave my students a task on designing a balloon car and some of them surprised me. It is fulfilling on my part as a teacher that they submitted more than what I expected them to. For those who were not able to excel, I encourage them to do better next time and dont give up trying. In general, many say that Science is a difficult subject but I say, sometimes it depends on the teacher. No task is that hard to a person who is dedicated to her work. Source Reyett Paunan. The Educator. March-April 2013